The translation of genetic gains into economic gains is important for evaluating the impact of using genetically improved forest reproductive material (FRM) in the forest sector. However, few studies based on European forests have been published to date. Here, we analyse the stand-level wood production and financial performance of planting genetically improved FRM in even-aged planted forests focusing on four European case studies with advanced breeding programme material and different management contexts: Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in southern Finland, central Sweden and central France, and maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.) in southwestern France. The growth of improved stands was simulated using species-specific growth models by incorporating two levels of expected genetic gains (present and next generations of seed orchards, varying from 7 to 40 per cent depending on the breeding programme) into the estimated mean annual volume increment over a rotation (m3 ha−1 yr−1). For each level of genetic gain, we tested the plantation of improved FRM managed with two silvicultural scenarios (maintaining the standard baseline rotation and thinning regime vs shorter rotation through the earlier achievement of the recommended felling criteria) in comparison with the plantation of the reference unimproved material (absence of genetic gain) managed according to the standard silvicultural regime. The use of improved FRM resulted in a larger financial performance in terms of soil expectation value (SEV € ha−1, discount rate 3 per cent) than planting unimproved reference material in all case studies and silvicultural scenarios for different wood price contexts (SEV gain from +20 to +190 per cent depending on the genetic and silvicultural context). The challenges associated with the economic assessment of realized gains from genetically improved FRM are discussed. We argue that silvicultural guidelines should be adapted to the use of improved FRM in order to gain better financial performance and flexible silvicultural response of planted forests to future environmental and socio-economic changes.

中文翻译：

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从遗传收益到经济收益：法国、芬兰和瑞典的转基因樟子松和松属植物的模拟生长和财务表现

将遗传收益转化为经济收益对于评估在森林部门使用转基因森林生殖材料 (FRM) 的影响非常重要。然而，迄今为止，很少有基于欧洲森林的研究发表。在这里，我们分析了在均匀树龄人工林中种植转基因 FRM 的林分级木材产量和财务绩效，重点关注四个欧洲案例研究，采用先进的育种计划材料和不同的管理环境：南部的苏格兰松 (Pinus sylvestris L.)芬兰、瑞典中部和法国中部，以及法国西南部的海松（Pinus pinaster Ait.）。改良林分的生长是使用​​特定物种的生长模型通过结合两个水平的预期遗传增益（现在和下一代种子果园，根据育种计划的不同，从 7% 到 40% 不等）到一个轮作期间的估计年平均体积增量（m3 ha-1 yr-1）。对于每个遗传增益水平，我们测试了在两种造林情景下管理的改良 FRM 种植园（保持标准基线轮作和间伐制度与通过较早达到推荐的砍伐标准而缩短轮作）与未改良的参考种植园相比根据标准造林制度管理的材料（缺乏遗传增益）。改进的 FRM 的使用在土壤预期值（SEV € ha-1，贴现率 3%）比在所有案例研究和不同木材价格背景下的造林情景中种植未经改良的参考材料（SEV 增益从 +20% 到 +190%，具体取决于遗传和造林背景）。讨论了与遗传改良的 FRM 实现收益的经济评估相关的挑战。我们认为，造林指南应适应改进的 FRM 的使用，以获得更好的财务业绩和人造林对未来环境和社会经济变化的灵活造林响应。