A 4 MV flash x-ray radiographic machine based on induction voltage adders has been developed. The configuration and design of this machine are reviewed. A three-dimensional, fully electromagnetic model and a circuit simulation model are established to compare with the experiments. The simulation results are in overall agreement with the electrical measurements. The pulsed power performances and output fluctuations of this machine over successive shot sequences are demonstrated. Among the 54 shots, the average peak output voltage is $4.4\pm 0.3\mathrm{MV}$ ($1\text{−}\sigma$) and the average diode current is $81.6\pm 4.5\mathrm{kA}$ ($1\text{−}\sigma$). Four typical malfunction modes are identified shot by shot including the diode-impedance collapse, insulator flashover, core saturation, and drive mistiming. Some remarkable features from each fault mode are recognized. The first-to-last time spreads of the four drive pluses, $t_{\mathrm{spread}}$, are chosen to quantify the drive synchronization and the influences of the $t_{\mathrm{spread}}$ on the peak voltages and diode currents are summarized from the almost 100 shots since the machine was commissioned. It is found that, in order to achieve a voltage of up to 4 MV, $t_{\mathrm{spread}}$ should not exceed 25 ns, which is approximately twice the time for electromagnetic wave propagation from the first cavity to the last cavity in vacuum. In addition, the rise time and FWHM duration of output voltages varying with $t_{\mathrm{spread}}$ are given. The results indicate that the rise time changes little at the beginning but increases exponentially once the $t_{\mathrm{spread}}$ exceeds 30 ns. The FWHM duration nearly increases linearly with $t_{\mathrm{spread}}$.

中文翻译：

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用于X射线射线照相的4 MV感应电压加法器的仿真，实验和性能

已经开发出基于感应电压加法器的4MV闪光X射线照相机。审查了该机器的配置和设计。建立了三维全电磁模型和电路仿真模型，与实验进行了比较。仿真结果与电气测量结果总体一致。演示了该机器在连续发射序列中的脉冲功率性能和输出波动。在54张照片中，平均峰值输出电压为$4.4\pm 0.3\mathrm{MV}$ （$\mathrm{1个}\text{-}\sigma$），平均二极管电流为 $81.6\pm 4.5\mathrm{K\; a}$ （$\mathrm{1个}\text{-}\sigma$）。可以逐次识别四种典型的故障模式，包括二极管阻抗崩溃，绝缘子闪络，铁芯饱和和驱动器雾化。可以识别每种故障模式的一些显着特征。四个驱动器脉冲数的倒数第一时间${Ť}_{\mathrm{传播}}$选择来量化驱动器同步及其影响 ${Ť}_{\mathrm{传播}}$机器投入运行以来，近100次击打总结了峰值电压和二极管电流。已经发现，为了获得高达4 MV的电压，${Ť}_{\mathrm{传播}}$不应超过25 ns，大约是真空中电磁波从第一个腔传播到最后一个腔的时间的两倍。此外，输出电压的上升时间和FWHM持续时间随${Ť}_{\mathrm{传播}}$给出。结果表明，上升时间在开始时变化不大，但一旦上升，则呈指数增长。${Ť}_{\mathrm{传播}}$超过30 ns。FWHM持续时间几乎随着${Ť}_{\mathrm{传播}}$。