Some studies suggest that women and the less educated are more likely to be employed in nonstandard work. However, conflicting evidence has indicated that temporary, part‐time, and nonstandard self‐employment has diffused across different social groups and levels of education. Using pooled data from the 1997–2018 Canadian Labour Force Surveys, this study explores the changing relationship between higher education, gender, and employment outcomes. Taking a multiple logistic regression approach, this study accomplishes three objectives: (1) to examine the relationship between gender and education among different forms of nonstandard employment; (2) to investigate the changes of different forms of nonstandard employment between 1997 to 2018; (3) to analyze the association between men's and women's education and their likelihood of different forms of nonstandard employment are explored. The findings suggest the feminization of employment norms, in which men and women have had some convergence in certain types of nonstandard employment. This result holds across most levels of education, but is more pronounced for women and men with higher levels of education.

中文翻译：

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高等教育会有所作为吗？受教育程度对男女非标准就业成果的影响

一些研究表明，女性和文化程度较低的人更有可能从事非标准工作。但是，有矛盾的证据表明，临时的，兼职的和非标准的自谋职业已经散布在不同的社会群体和教育水平中。本研究使用1997-2018年加拿大劳动力调查的汇总数据，探索了高等教育，性别和就业成果之间不断变化的关系。本研究采用多元逻辑回归方法，实现了三个目标：（1）研究不同形式的非标准就业之间的性别与教育之间的关系；（2）调查1997年至2018年间不同形式的非标准就业的变化; （3）分析男女之间的联系 探索了他们的教育及其可能出现的不同形式的非标准就业的可能性。研究结果表明，就业规范已实现女性化，在某些非标准就业类型中，男性和女性已经趋于一致。这一结果适用于大多数教育水平，但对于受过较高教育水平的男女而言更为明显。