Product labels communicate the presence of valuable traits to consumers but, when a single label represents multiple traits, communication can be hindered by consumer misinformation. Redundant labels can address this problem by explicitly indicating included qualities within a comprehensive label. We use data from a field experiment on willingness to pay for redundant labels in the US organic fluid milk market when consumers are either uninformed or informed of the redundancy. Market share simulations demonstrate the market impacts and effectiveness of introducing a redundant label as a response strategy to recapture market share lost to increasingly prevalent individual labels.

中文翻译：

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牛奶属性的信息和消费者需求：冗余标签是一种有效的营销策略吗？

产品标签向消费者传达有价值特征的存在，但是，当单个标签代表多种特征时，消费者的错误信息可能会阻碍沟通。冗余标签可以通过在综合标签中明确指出包含的质量来解决这个问题。当消费者不知情或被告知冗余时，我们使用来自美国有机液态奶市场上是否愿意为冗余标签付费的现场实验数据。市场份额模拟展示了引入冗余标签作为响应策略以重新夺回因日益流行的个别标签而失去的市场份额的市场影响和有效性。