The global chemical-based agriculture (CBA) production system brought social and environmental consequences such as the contamination of soils, waters, bottom sediments and food, as well as negative effects on non-target species. As an alternative, a new paradigm emerged: agroecology-based agriculture (ABA), based on ecosystem services and the reduction of chemical inputs. More and more establishments have adopted this form of production; however, they are located next to crops to which pesticides are applied. The objective of this work was to study, through the spatio-temporal characterizations of pesticides in soils, how an ABA production system can be affected by the CBA fields around it. Two sampling campaigns were conducted and soil samples were obtained from "La Aurora", an agricultural establishment located in the Argentine pampa and recognized by the FAO for its agroecological practices, and from neighboring fields with CBA productions. The samples were tested for 19 herbicides (including 3 metabolites) and 3 fungicides by UPLC-MS/MS, of which we detected glyphosate and its metabolite AMPA, 2,4-D, atrazine, acetochlor, metsulfuron-methyl, desethyl-atrazine, epoxiconazole, and tebuconazole. Three or more pesticides co-occurred in 93% and 32% of the CBA and ABA samples, respectively. Glyphosate and AMPA, with the highest detection frequency, also accounted for 90% of the total pesticide load in both systems. The maximum concentrations (μg kg⁻¹ dry weight) in the CBA/ABA fields, respectively, were glyphosate (1268.92/98.93), AMPA (2919.17/114.01), followed by 2,4-D (38.52/31.12), and epoxiconazole (13.35/18.41). No significant temporal differences were found in glyphosate concentration within each establishment, corroborating its pseudo-persistence in CBA establishments, and establishing it in ABA field. Moreover, glyphosate was found in the ABA field more than 300 m from the limit with the CBA fields. Glyphosate and AMPA concentrations are in the order of those reported to cause sublethal and lethal effects in soil organisms. These results highlight the mobility of pesticides, as the ABA establishment is affected by its surroundings where pesticides are used, even at sites far from the interface between them. Given their higher detection frequencies and environmental concentrations in comparison to the other pesticides, glyphosate and AMPA are proposed as environmental tracers of conventional agroproductive activities.

全球基于化学的农业（CBA）生产系统带来了社会和环境后果，例如土壤，水，底部沉积物和食物的污染，以及对非目标物种的负面影响。作为替代方案，出现了新的范例：基于生态系统服务和减少化学物质投入的基于农业生态的农业（ABA）。越来越多的企业采用这种生产形式。但是，它们位于使用农药的农作物旁边。这项工作的目的是通过土壤中农药的时空特征研究CBA如何影响ABA生产系统它周围的领域。开展了两次采样活动，并从“ La Aurora”这家位于阿根廷南美大草原的农业机构获得了土壤样品，该农场因其农业生态实践而被粮农组织认可，并从邻近地区获得了CBA产品。通过UPLC-MS / MS对样品进行了19种除草剂（包括3种代谢物）和3种杀菌剂的测试，其中我们检测到草甘膦及其代谢物AMPA，2,4-D，阿特拉津，乙草胺，甲磺隆，甲基去乙基阿特拉津， epoxiconazole和tebuconazole。CBA和ABA的93％和32％同时存在三种或更多农药样本。在两个系统中，草甘膦和AMPA的检出率最高，也占农药总量的90％。CBA / ABA田中的最大浓度（微克kg ^-1干重）分别是草甘膦（1268.92 / 98.93），AMPA（2919.17 / 114.01），然后是2,4-D（38.52 / 31.12）和环氧环唑（13.35 / 18.41）。在每个企业内，草甘膦浓度没有发现明显的时间差异，证实了其在CBA企业中的假持久性，并在ABA领域得到证实。此外，在ABA中发现了草甘膦距离CBA字段的限制超过300 m。草甘膦和AMPA的浓度与所报道的在土壤生物中引起亚致死作用和致死作用的顺序相同。这些结果突显了农药的流动性，因为ABA的企业受到其周围使用农药的环境的影响，即使在远离农药之间界面的位置也是如此。由于草甘膦和AMPA与其他农药相比具有更高的检测频率和环境浓度，因此被提议作为常规农业生产活动的环境示踪剂。