Environmental Geochemistry and Health ( IF 3.2 ) Pub Date : 2021-02-24 , DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-00847-9 Talat Ara 1 , Waqar-Un Nisa 2 , Rukhsanda Aziz 1 , Muhammad Tariq Rafiq 2 , Rafaqat Ali Gill 3 , Malik Tahir Hayat 4 , Uzma Afridi 1
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In this study analysis of soil, water and plant residue samples is presented to evaluate the contamination levels and possible health risks. Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) is a persistent organic pollutant used as a pesticide in agricultural sector for pest control in order to obtain higher productivity. For analysis soil, water and crop residue samples were collected from different agricultural areas of the northern Punjab region of Pakistan. The investigation of the samples shows significant levels of HCH residues in all types of samples. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis was used to assess the higher residue levels of HCH in the samples. The concentration of HCH residues detected in samples ranged from 2.43 to 8.88 µg/g in soil, nd –5.87 µg/l in water and nd – 4.87 µg/g in plants. The presence of HCH residues in soil, water and plant samples was beyond the recommended quality guidelines. Human health risk was evaluated for cancer and non-cancer risks through dietary and non-dietary exposure routes. The hazard index was HI > 1 in children and HI < 1 in adults, while the non-dietary incremental lifetime cancer risks (ILCR) were beyond the internationally acceptable limit of 1 × 10–5. Hence, results of the present investigation concluded the presence of high levels of HCH residues in samples and pose high health risk to the inhabitants. These findings are alarming and apprise the concerned departments for the remediation of contamination and proper implementation of environmental laws in the area.
Graphic abstract
中文翻译：
巴基斯坦旁遮普省波托哈尔地区农区土壤、水体和植物中六氯环己烷的健康风险评估
在这项研究中，对土壤、水和植物残留样品进行了分析，以评估污染水平和可能的健康风险。六氯环己烷 (HCH) 是一种持久性有机污染物，在农业部门用作农药以控制害虫以获得更高的生产力。从巴基斯坦旁遮普邦北部地区的不同农业区收集土壤、水和作物残留样品用于分析。对样品的调查表明，所有类型的样品中都含有显着水平的六氯环己烷残留。气相色谱-质谱分析用于评估样品中较高的六氯环己烷残留水平。在样品中检测到的六氯环己烷残留浓度范围为土壤中 2.43 至 8.88 微克/克，水中 nd –5.87 微克/升和植物中 nd – 4.87 微克/克。土壤中六氯环己烷残留的存在，水和植物样本超出了推荐的质量准则。通过饮食和非饮食接触途径评估人类健康风险的癌症和非癌症风险。儿童的危害指数为HI>1，成人为HI<1，而非饮食性终生癌症风险（ILCR）已超出国际可接受的1×10限度–5 . 因此，本次调查的结果得出结论，样本中存在高浓度的六氯环己烷残留，对居民的健康构成高风险。这些调查结果令人震惊，并通知有关部门在该地区修复污染和正确执行环境法律。
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