This paper synthesizes convergent lines of evidence to evaluate the hypothesis that objective falsity is essential to lying. Objective accounts of lying affirm this hypothesis; subjective accounts deny it. Evidence from history, logic, social observation, popular culture, lexicography, developmental psychology, inference, spontaneous description, and behavioral experimentation strongly supports the hypothesis. Studies show that the only apparent evidence against the hypothesis is due to task substitution, i.e. ethical concerns or perspective-taking interfering with performance on categorization tasks. I conclude that, overall, existing evidence decisively favors objective accounts.

中文翻译：

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客观虚假是撒谎的必要条件：来自收敛证据的论证

本文综合了证据的收敛线来评估客观虚假对说谎必不可少的假设。撒谎的客观描述证实了这一假设；主观账户否认它。来自历史、逻辑、社会观察、流行文化、词典编纂、发展心理学、推理、自发描述和行为实验的证据有力地支持了这一假设。研究表明，反对该假设的唯一明显证据是由于任务替代，即道德问题或观点采择干扰了分类任务的表现。我的结论是，总体而言，现有证据决定性地支持客观叙述。