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Chance and the Structure of Modal Space
Mind ( IF 1.8 ) Pub Date : 2018-04-18 , DOI: 10.1093/mind/fzy001
Boris Kment 1
Affiliation  

In a probabilistic universe, different possible futures have different chances of occurring. We can think of the chance distribution at t as a probability measure on the class of those metaphysically possible worlds that are compatible with the actual history up to t and with the actual laws of nature. Given this connection between chance and modality, one’s views about modal space can have significant implications for the theory of physical chance, and one’s modal views can be evaluated in part by how plausible these implications are. I apply this methodology to two influential modal theses. The first of these is the view, proposed by Hugh Chandler and Nathan Salmon, that many individuals have their modal features contingently. This thesis can be shown to entail that the present chances of various events are partly determined by the outcomes of future chance processes. As a result, the account yields a cluster of problematic consequences that are usually associated with Humean frequentist accounts of chance and which are known as “the problem of undermining futures.” The second account I consider is the thesis (held by a number of philosophers) that the existence of a possible world w depends on the existence of the contingent individuals that exist at w, and that many possible worlds are therefore contingent existents. The problem of undermining arises for this view as well, although in a milder form.

中文翻译:

模态空间的机会与结构

在概率宇宙中,不同的可能未来有不同的发生机会。我们可以将 t 处的机会分布视为对那些与 t 之前的实际历史和实际自然规律兼容的形而上学可能世界类别的概率度量。鉴于机会和模态之间的这种联系,一个人对模态空间的看法可能对物理机会理论产生重大影响,并且一个人的模态看法可以部分地通过这些影响的合理性来评估。我将这种方法应用于两个有影响力的模态论文。第一个是 Hugh Chandler 和 Nathan Salmon 提出的观点,即许多人都有其模态特征。本论文可以证明,各种事件的当前机会部分由未来机会过程的结果决定。结果,该帐户产生了一系列有问题的后果,这些后果通常与休谟式频率论的机会有关,被称为“破坏未来的问题”。我考虑的第二个解释是(由一些哲学家持有的)一个论点,即可能世界 w 的存在取决于存在于 w 的偶然个体的存在,因此许多可能世界是偶然存在的。这种观点也存在破坏的问题,尽管形式较温和。该帐户产生了一系列有问题的后果,这些后果通常与休谟的频率论者对机会的描述有关,并且被称为“破坏未来的问题”。我考虑的第二个解释是(由一些哲学家持有的)一个论点,即可能世界 w 的存在取决于存在于 w 的偶然个体的存在,因此许多可能世界是偶然存在的。这种观点也存在破坏的问题,尽管形式较温和。该帐户产生了一系列有问题的后果,这些后果通常与休谟的频率论者对机会的描述有关,并且被称为“破坏未来的问题”。我考虑的第二个解释是(由一些哲学家持有的)一个论点,即可能世界 w 的存在取决于存在于 w 的偶然个体的存在,因此许多可能世界是偶然存在的。这种观点也存在破坏的问题,尽管形式较温和。
更新日期:2018-04-18
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