I argue that the debate between proponents of substance causation and proponents of causation by powers, as to whether substances or their powers are causes, hinges on whether or not powers (as properties) are self-exemplifying or non-self-exemplifying properties. Substance causation is committed to powers being non-self-exemplifying properties while causation by powers is committed to powers being self-exemplifying properties. I then argue that powers are non-self-exemplifying properties, in support of substance causation.

中文翻译：

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强大的物质因为无能为力

我认为，实体因果关系的支持者和权力因果关系的支持者之间关于实体或其权力是否是原因的争论取决于权力（作为属性）是自我例证的属性还是非自我例证的属性。实体因果关系致力于权力是非自我例证的属性，而权力的因果关系致力于权力是自我例证的属性。然后我认为权力是非自我例证的属性，以支持实质因果关系。