In the nineteenth century, the exchange of anthropological specimens between museum curators and collectors was a widespread practice used to fill gaps in collections. Within the specimen exchange industry, one's ability to exchange required a steady supply of described or catalogued artifacts considered duplicates. Exchanging duplicates allowed anthropological specimens to move through institutional and personal scientific collections over time. Italian zoologist and anthropologist Enrico Giglioli relied on the practice of specimen exchange to build his personal collection of “stone age” tools from Indigenous peoples, sourced from a worldwide network of museums and collectors, including the Smithsonian Institution. As a master negotiator, Giglioli was remarkably successful in procuring valuable specimens from major museum collections. Analyses of the negotiation of exchanges by museum-based anthropologists reveals the intersection of object value as produced by museums, agents' desire for rare and underrepresented objects, and professional standards of anthropological practice in the late nineteenth century. [exchange and value, duplicate, Smithsonian Institution, Enrico Giglioli]

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史密森学会的“最伟大的宝藏”：在标本交换行业评估博物馆物品

在 19 世纪，博物馆馆长和收藏家之间交换人类学标本是一种广泛用于填补收藏空白的做法。在标本交换行业中，交换的能力需要稳定供应已描述或编目被认为是重复的文物。交换副本允许人类学标本随着时间的推移在机构和个人科学收藏中移动。意大利动物学家和人类学家 Enrico Giglioli 依靠标本交换的做法，从包括史密森学会在内的全球博物馆和收藏家网络中收集了来自土著人民的“石器时代”工具个人收藏。作为谈判大师，Giglioli 在从主要博物馆藏品中采购有价值的标本方面取得了非凡的成功。以博物馆为基础的人类学家对交流谈判的分析揭示了博物馆产生的物品价值、代理人对稀有和代表性不足的物品的渴望以及 19 世纪后期人类学实践的专业标准之间的交集。[交换和价值，复制品，史密森学会，恩里科·吉廖利]