The 11-foot-tall mile-marker made by activists at the Oceti Sakowin Camp in 2016 is one of the most emblematic visual icons of the Standing Rock movement. Hand-carved from wood and pointing to Native American reservations, nature sites, cities, and foreign countries, among others, the mile-marker post bears witness to the multilayered preoccupations and collective strategies of the protestors against the construction of the Dakota Access Pipeline (DAPL). The post highlights the value of overlapping places, Native territories, epistemologies, and concerns, while intertribal coalition building, solidarity, and the urgent vindication of sovereignty through visual resignification gain center stage.1 In line with this land-based, Indigenous-centered, and multivocal milemarker, in this essay I explore Native American environmentalism through a historical and visual analysis of the 2016–2017 Standing Rock/#NoDAPL movement. I give a brief overview of the history of the movement and then focus on a specific set of the group’s decolonizing strategies, which are articulated around three core issues: 1. A reassertion of Traditional Environmental Knowledge (TEK), human rights, and place-based solidarity—all of which are central to ongoing Native American struggles for self-government (Coulthard, “Land”); 2. A critical revision of historical imaginaries and decolonizing practices; and 3. The struggle for visual sovereignty (Raheja, “Reading” 1163). These practices aim to subvert shifting media portrayals of Native Americans that continue to feed from symbolic spatial settings and (neo)colonialist stereotypes. Significantly, the set of photographs examined in this essay (which are taken from social media sites managed by the #NoDAPL movement: Indigenous Rising and Indigenous Rising Media) rarely attempt to capture or represent water, even though this other-than-human person, a sacred but also material/physical being in Native American epistemologies, is key to understanding the plight of Standing Rock and of other Indigenous com-

中文翻译：

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物质本质，视觉主权和水权：展开坚如磐石的运动

活动家在2016年的Oceti Sakowin营地上标出的11英尺高的英里标记是“站立的岩石”运动中最具标志性的视觉图标之一。里程标志桩是用木头手工雕刻而成，指向美洲原住民的保留地，自然景点，城市和外国等，它见证了抗议者对建造达科塔通道（Dakota Access Pipeline）的抗议者的多重关注和集体战略（ DAPL）。这篇文章强调了重叠的地方，土著领地，认识论和关注点的价值，而部落间联盟的建立，团结以及通过视觉代表权获得中心阶段的紧急捍卫主权的价值。1与这一以土地为基础，以土著为中心的，和多声的里程碑，在本文中，我将通过对2016-2017年Standing Rock /＃NoDAPL运动的历史和视觉分析来探讨美洲印第安人的环保主义。我简要概述了运动的历史，然后集中讨论了该小组的非殖民化策略的特定集合，这些策略围绕三个核心问题进行了阐述：1.对传统环境知识（TEK），人权和地方的重新主张。基于基础的团结-所有这些对于美国原住民正在进行的自治政府至关重要（库尔特哈德，“土地”）；2.对历史想象和非殖民化做法的重要修改；3.争取视觉主权的斗争（Raheja，“阅读” 1163）。这些做法旨在颠覆不断变化的媒体对美国原住民的描述，这些描述继续来自象征性的空间环境和（新）殖民主义者的刻板印象。显着地，