Guy de Maupassant’s novella Le Horla, published in 1887, was written during what is now considered the “golden age” of hypnotism in France. The 1870s and 1880s have been documented by scholars such as Alan Gauld, dominique Barrucand, and Henri F. Ellenberger as the time during which hypnotism as a medical treatment gained its most scientifically recognised status in France. This status was mainly ensured by the research of Jean-Martin Charcot (1825-1893), whose lectures at the Salpêtrière asylum were famous not just in France but throughout all of Europe, and Hippolyte Bernheim (1840-1919), who was based at the université de nancy. This period also saw hypnotism being used seriously within medicine not only as a cure for a range of illnesses, but as an anaesthetic. Paul Broca was among a number of doctors using hypnotism on their patients as the only anaesthetic to perform operations. during the 1880s, hypnotism was treated as a medicoscientific field of research to an extent not seen before or since, due to the serious attention of some of the greatest and most recognised medical researchers of the day. Both Charcot and Broca made medical breakthroughs for which they are still remembered today in common medical terminology for example Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease and “Broca’s area,” the part of the brain named after Broca. The serious attention of such eminent medical scientists to hypnotism not only gave scientific credit to the practice but also

中文翻译：

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进步/回归：莫泊桑的《乐拉》中的催眠和迷信

盖·德·莫帕桑（Guy de Maupassant）于1887年出版的中篇小说《勒·霍拉》（Le Horla）写于如今被认为是法国催眠术的“黄金时代”。艾琳·高尔德（Alan Gauld），多米尼克·巴鲁坎德（Dominique Barrucand）和亨利·F·埃伦贝格尔（Henri F.Ellenberger）等学者已记录了1870和1880年代，催眠术在法国获得了最科学的认可。这种状况主要是通过让·马丁·夏科特（Jean-Martin Charcot，1825-1893年）的研究来确保的，他的在Salpêtrière庇护所的演讲不仅在法国而且在整个欧洲都享有盛名，而Hippolyte Bernheim（1840-1919）则在南希大学。在此期间，催眠术在医学中也得到了广泛的应用，不仅可以治愈多种疾病，还可以用作麻醉剂。保罗·布罗卡（Paul Broca）是众多使用催眠术治疗患者的医生，他们是唯一进行手术的麻醉剂。在1880年代，由于当时一些最伟大，最受认可的医学研究人员的高度重视，催眠术被视为医学科学领域，在某种程度上，以前或之后从未出现过催眠术。Charcot和Broca都取得了医学上的突破，今天在通用医学术语中仍然铭记着这些突破，例如Charcot-Marie-Tooth病和“ Broca's区域”，即以Broca命名的大脑部分。如此杰出的医学科学家对催眠术的认真关注不仅使这种做法获得了科学上的认可，而且 由于当时一些最伟大，最受认可的医学研究人员的重视。Charcot和Broca都取得了医学上的突破，今天在通用医学术语中仍然铭记着这些突破，例如Charcot-Marie-Tooth病和“ Broca's区域”，即以Broca命名的大脑部分。如此杰出的医学科学家对催眠术的认真关注不仅使这种做法得到了科学上的认可，而且 由于当时一些最伟大，最受认可的医学研究人员的重视。Charcot和Broca都取得了医学上的突破，今天在通用医学术语中仍然铭记着这些突破，例如Charcot-Marie-Tooth病和“ Broca's区域”，即以Broca命名的大脑部分。如此杰出的医学科学家对催眠术的认真关注不仅使这种做法得到了科学上的认可，而且