This study develops a theoretical framework to quantify the impacts of technological progress, renewable energy consumption and international trade on carbon emissions (CO₂), unlike many other studies that consider variables of interest in an ad hoc manner. The developed framework is then applied to the data from the BRICS countries for 1990–2017 period. The study also takes into consideration the integration, co-integration, as well as cross-country interdependence and heterogeneity properties of the panel data, and hence, the obtained results are robust and policy insights are well-grounded. We estimate that technological progress, renewable energy consumption, and export size contribute to the reduction of the CO₂ emissions, while gross domestic product (GDP) and import size increase the pollution both in the long- and short-run. Our main policy recommendations would be the implementations of the measures, regulations, and establishment of the legislative frameworks that foster the technological enhancements and transition toward sustainable energy.

中文翻译：

---

技术进步和可再生能源消耗的碳排放效应的理论框架

本研究开发了一个理论框架来量化技术进步、可再生能源消耗和国际贸易对碳排放 (CO ₂ ) 的影响，这与许多其他以临时方式考虑感兴趣的变量的研究不同。然后将开发的框架应用于金砖国家 1990-2017 年期间的数据。该研究还考虑了面板数据的整合、协整以及跨国相互依存和异质性的特性，因此，获得的结果是稳健的，政策见解是有充分根据的。我们估计技术进步、可再生能源消耗和出口规模有助于减少 CO ₂排放，而国内生产总值 (GDP) 和进口规模在长期和短期都会增加污染。我们的主要政策建议将是促进技术进步和向可持续能源转型的措施、法规和立法框架的实施。