Climate ethics have been concerned with polluter pays, beneficiary pays and ability to pay principles, all of which consider climate change as a single negative externality. This paper considers it as a constellation of externalities, positive and negative, with different associated demands of justice. This is important because explicitly considering positive externalities has not to our knowledge been done in the climate ethics literature. Specifically, it is argued that those who enjoy passive gains from climate change owe gains not to the net losers, but to the emitters, just as the emitters owe compensation to the net losers for the negative externality. This is defended by appeal to theoretical virtues and to the social benefits of generating positive externalities, even when those positive externalities are coupled with far greater negative externalities. We call this the Polluter Pays, Then Receives (‘PPTR', or ‘Peter') Principle.

气候伦理一直关注污染者的工资，受益人的工资和支付原则，所有这些都将气候变化视为单一的负外部性。本文将其视为具有正当性和负性的外部性星座，具有不同的正义要求。这很重要，因为据我们所知，在气候伦理文献中并未明确考虑积极的外部性。特别是，有人认为，那些从气候变化中获得消极收益的人，其收益不应该归于净损失者，而应归因于排放者，就像排放者由于负外部性而要向净损失者偿还债务一样。通过诉诸理论美德和产生积极外部效应的社会利益来捍卫这一点，即使这些积极的外部性与更大的消极外部性结合在一起。我们称此为污染者付费，然后接受（“ PPTR”或“ Peter”）原则。