Abstract The Constitution’s declaration of war requirement, superficially straightforward but actually full of ambiguities, originated in a fear of presidential usurpation and recklessness. Yet Congress has responded to political incentives and has declined the assertive role assigned to it. The check on usurpation and recklessness has eroded almost to the vanishing point.

中文翻译：

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宣战：死信还是斗争邀请？

摘要宪法对战争的要求宣告表面上直截了当，但实际上却含糊不清，其原因是担心总统被篡夺和鲁re。然而，国会已经对政治激励措施做出了回应，并拒绝赋予它积极的作用。篡夺和鲁ck行为的检查几乎消失了。