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May the Force Be with You: The Legal Classification of Intervention by Invitation
Netherlands International Law Review ( IF 1.3 ) Pub Date : 2019-04-01 , DOI: 10.1007/s40802-019-00133-7
Laura Visser

It is a truth universally acknowledged that states can consent to the military presence of other states on their territory. This is better known as intervention by invitation. Yet many issues surrounding this concept remain unclear or are too easily accepted, e.g. its name and its place within the rules of jus ad bellum. This article seeks to clarify and resolve these issues. First, an analysis is conducted into what the two terms intervention and invitation actually entail. The term intervention is contrasted with the use of force and the entire concept of intervention by invitation is differentiated from collective self-defence. It is concluded that the threshold of force has been met and thus the focus should be placed on the rules regulating this field of law, rather than the rules of non-intervention. The concept would be more aptly labelled as the use of force by invitation. Second, this article examines where intervention by invitation finds its place in relation to the prohibition of the use of force. Alternative perspectives are investigated encompassing the scope of Article 2(4) UN Charter and the circumstances precluding wrongfulness under the rules of state responsibility, of which consent is of particular relevance here. This article concludes that intervention by invitation falls outside the scope of Article 2(4) as the force is not used within international relations. The prohibition of the use of force therefore does not apply to intervention by invitation. Consequently, an action of intervention by invitation is legal.

中文翻译:

愿原力与你同在:邀请干预的法律分类

各国可以同意其他国家在其领土上的军事存在,这是一个普遍公认的事实。这被称为邀请干预。然而,围绕这一概念的许多问题仍然不清楚或太容易被接受,例如它的名称及其在战争法规则中的位置。本文旨在澄清和解决这些问题。首先,对干预和邀请这两个术语的实际含义进行了分析。干预一词与使用武力形成对比,邀请干预的整个概念与集体自卫不同。结论是已经达到了武力的门槛,因此应将重点放在规范该法律领域的规则上,而不是不干涉规则上。这个概念更贴切地被称为通过邀请使用武力。其次,本文考察了邀请干预在禁止使用武力方面的作用。研究了包括《联合国宪章》第 2 条第 4 款的范围和根据国家责任规则排除不法性的情况的其他观点,其中同意在此处特别相关。本条的结论是,邀请干预不属于第 2 条第 4 款的范围,因为在国际关系中不使用武力。因此,禁止使用武力不适用于邀请干预。因此,邀请干预行为是合法的。本文探讨了邀请干预在禁止使用武力方面的作用。研究了包括《联合国宪章》第 2 条第 4 款的范围和根据国家责任规则排除不法性的情况的其他观点,其中同意在此处特别相关。本条的结论是,邀请干预不属于第 2 条第 4 款的范围,因为在国际关系中不使用武力。因此,禁止使用武力不适用于邀请干预。因此,邀请干预行为是合法的。本文探讨了邀请干预在禁止使用武力方面的作用。研究了包括《联合国宪章》第 2 条第 4 款的范围和根据国家责任规则排除不法性的情况的其他观点,其中同意在此处特别相关。本条的结论是,邀请干预不属于第 2 条第 4 款的范围,因为在国际关系中不使用武力。因此,禁止使用武力不适用于邀请干预。因此,邀请干预行为是合法的。研究了包括《联合国宪章》第 2 条第 4 款的范围和根据国家责任规则排除不法性的情况的其他观点,其中同意在此处特别相关。本条的结论是,邀请干预不属于第 2 条第 4 款的范围,因为在国际关系中不使用武力。因此,禁止使用武力不适用于邀请干预。因此,邀请干预行为是合法的。研究了包括《联合国宪章》第 2 条第 4 款的范围和根据国家责任规则排除不法性的情况的其他观点,其中同意在此处特别相关。本条的结论是,邀请干预不属于第 2 条第 4 款的范围,因为在国际关系中不使用武力。因此,禁止使用武力不适用于邀请干预。因此,邀请干预行为是合法的。
更新日期:2019-04-01
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