Indonesia is home to the Javan Leopard (Panthera pardus melas) and the Sunda Clouded Leopard (Neofelis diardi), both of which are threatened by habitat loss, human-wildlife conflict issues and the illegal wildlife trade. Leopards and clouded leopards are threatened by the illegal wildlife trade across their range, however, very little is known of the illegal trade in these two species in Indonesia, or of the efforts made to tackle this crime. Both the Javan Leopard and Sunda Clouded Leopard are protected species in Indonesia and both species are listed in Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), meaning commercial international trade is generally prohibited. To better understand the trade, and efforts to end this trade, we collected records of seizures and prosecutions relating to Javan Leopards and Sunda Clouded Leopards in Indonesia for the period 2011–2019. Despite both species being protected by law, this study reveals the prevalence of extensive poaching, illegal domestic trade and international trafficking of both species. A total of 41 seizure records were obtained from 2011 to 2019, which was estimated to amount to approximately 83 animals, which likely represents only a fraction of the total number of cases and therefore the risk may be substantially greater. Approximately half of the cases resulted in successful prosecution and of these, the highest sentence given was 2 years in jail and a fine of IDR50mil (~USD3300). The majority of the penalties handed down for these crimes were far below the maximum potential penalties and are unlikely to be effective deterrents.

中文翻译：

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在印度尼西亚非法开采爪哇豹（Panthera pardus melas）和Sun达云豹（Neofelis diardi）

印度尼西亚是爪哇豹（Panthera pardus melas）和the他云豹（Neofelis diardi）的家园，它们都受到栖息地丧失，人类与野生生物冲突问题以及非法野生动植物贸易的威胁。豹和云豹在其整个范围内都受到非法野生动植物贸易的威胁，但是，人们对印度尼西亚这两个物种的非法贸易或为解决这一犯罪所作的努力知之甚少。爪哇豹和Sun达云豹在印度尼西亚都是受保护的物种，并且两个物种都列在《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》（CITES）的附录I中，这通常意味着禁止商业国际贸易。为了更好地了解交易，并努力终止交易，我们收集了2011-2019年期间印度尼西亚爪哇豹子和Sun达云豹的缉获和起诉记录。尽管这两个物种都受到法律保护，但这项研究揭示了广泛的盗猎，非法国内贸易和国际贩运这两个物种的普遍性。从2011年到2019年，总共获得了41次癫痫发作记录，估计约有83只动物，这可能仅占病例总数的一小部分，因此风险可能更大。大约一半的案件成功起诉，其中最高刑罚为监禁2年和罚款5000万印尼盾（约合3300美元）。