Social misalignment occurs when a person’s attitudes and opinions deviate from those of others. We investigated how individuals react to social misalignment in risky (outcome probabilities are known) or ambiguous (outcome probabilities are unknown) decision contexts. During each trial, participants played a forced-choice gamble, and they observed the decisions of four other players after they made a tentative decision, followed by an opportunity to keep or change their initial decision. Behavioral and event-related potential data were collected. Behaviorally, the stronger the participants’ initial preference, the less likely they were to switch their decisions, whereas the more their decisions were misaligned with the majority, the more likely they were to switch. Electrophysiological results showed a hierarchical processing pattern of social misalignment. Misalignment was first detected binarily (i.e. match/mismatch) at an early stage, as indexed by the N1 component. During the second stage, participants became sensitive to low levels of misalignment, which were indexed by the feedback-related negativity. The degree of social misalignment was processed in greater detail, as indexed by the P3 component. Moreover, such hierarchical neural sensitivity is generalizable across different decision contexts (i.e. risky and ambiguous). These findings demonstrate a fine-grained neural sensitivity to social misalignment during decision-making under uncertainty.

中文翻译：

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不确定性下决策过程中对社会错位的层次敏感性

当一个人的态度和意见与他人的态度和意见偏离时，就会发生社会错位。我们调查了个人在风险（结果概率已知）或模棱两可（结果概率未知）决策环境中对社会错位的反应。在每次试验中，参与者都会进行一次强制选择赌博，他们在做出初步决定后观察其他四名玩家的决定，然后有机会保留或改变他们最初的决定。收集了行为和事件相关的潜在数据。在行为上，参与者的初始偏好越强，他们改变决定的可能性就越小，而他们的决定与大多数人的不一致越多，他们改变决定的可能性就越大。电生理结果显示社会错位的分层处理模式。错位首先在早期阶段以二进制方式检测到（即匹配/错配），如 N1 分量所索引。在第二阶段，参与者对低水平的错位变得敏感，这些错位由与反馈相关的消极性来索引。社会错位的程度得到了更详细的处理，由 P3 组件索引。此外，这种分层神经敏感性在不同的决策环境（即风险和模棱两可）中是可推广的。这些发现表明，在不确定性下的决策过程中，神经对社会错位的敏感性是细粒度的。参与者对低水平的错位变得敏感，这些错位由与反馈相关的消极性来索引。社会错位的程度得到了更详细的处理，由 P3 组件索引。此外，这种分层神经敏感性在不同的决策环境（即风险和模棱两可）中是可推广的。这些发现表明，在不确定性下的决策过程中，神经对社会错位的敏感性是细粒度的。参与者对低水平的错位变得敏感，这些错位由与反馈相关的消极性来索引。社会错位的程度得到了更详细的处理，由 P3 组件索引。此外，这种分层神经敏感性在不同的决策环境（即风险和模棱两可）中是可推广的。这些发现表明，在不确定性下的决策过程中，神经对社会错位的敏感性是细粒度的。