Digital technology has an increasing influence on writing processes. In this context, the question arises whether changes in writing mode (i.e., handwriting vs. computer-keyboard typing) also require changes in writing assessments. However, data directly comparing writing mode influences in children with and without developmental writing deficits are scarce. This study investigated the influence of writing mode in German-speaking, typically developing children and children with developmental dyslexia (DD) from two different levels. Results showed on a general level that writing mode influenced overall spelling accuracy, writing time, and self-corrections comparably in children with and without DD. On a rule-specific level, outcomes for writing time and self-corrections substantiated these findings. However, as regards spelling accuracy, a mode effect was only apparent for capitalization, whereas other spelling rules were resistant to writing mode influences. Present findings suggest that a mode effect is present only for typing specific aspects (e.g., capitalization) rather than reflecting a general influence on orthographic principles (e.g., grapheme–phoneme assignment, morphologic principles). These mode-specific aspects seem to comparably affect the writing performance of typically developing children and children with DD. We recommend writing assessments to consider that different writing modes may influence individual spelling rules differently.

中文翻译：

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模式效应：视角问题？有和没有发展性阅读障碍的德国儿童拼写评估中的写作模式差异

数字技术对书写过程的影响越来越大。在这种情况下，问题出现了写作模式的变化（即手写与电脑键盘打字）是否也需要改变写作评估。然而，直接比较有和没有发展性写作缺陷儿童的写作模式影响的数据很少。本研究从两个不同的层面调查了写作模式对德语、典型发育儿童和发育性阅读障碍 (DD) 儿童的影响。结果显示，总体而言，写作模式会影响整体拼写准确性、写作时间和自我更正。比较有和没有 DD 的儿童。在特定规则的层面上，写作时间和自我更正的结果证实了这些发现。然而，就拼写准确性而言，模式效应仅对大写字母有明显影响，而其他拼写规则则不受书写模式影响。目前的研究结果表明，模式效应仅存在于打字特定方面（例如，大写）而不是反映对拼写原则（例如，字素-音素分配、形态学原则）的一般影响。这些特定于模式的方面似乎对正常发育的儿童和患有 DD 的儿童的写作表现产生了可比的影响。我们建议在写作评估中考虑不同的写作模式可能会以不同的方式影响个人拼写规则。