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Making ‘the Heads of the Proposals’: The King, the Army, the Levellers, and the Roads to Putney
The English Historical Review ( IF 0.5 ) Pub Date : 2021-02-22 , DOI: 10.1093/ehr/ceaa312
David R Como 1
Affiliation  

This article offers a comprehensive account of the drafting of ‘the Heads of the Proposals’, the peace plan framed by the New Model Army in July 1647. Using overlooked manuscript sources, including newly uncovered papers of Commissary General Henry Ireton, the article reconstructs the complex process of negotiation, revision, and bargaining through which the Heads of the Proposals emerged. It charts the influence of King Charles I on the peace programme, and offers new insight into the monarch’s response to the Proposals. However, the article also demonstrates that army leaders invited radical London activists to Reading to participate in framing the Proposals. These activists sought, with limited success, to bring the Heads into conformity with their own vision for the polity, but quickly revolted when they recognised the degree to which the king’s input and interests were reflected in the developing programme. The resulting tensions ensured that even before the Heads of the Proposals were completed and published in August 1647, the plan provoked serious controversy among the army’s supporters, helping to undermine its prospects. It is demonstrated that many of the political conflicts that shook the army and the ‘independent coalition’ later in 1647 grew out of these disagreements at Reading over the Heads of the Proposals. The article not only clarifies the reasons for the failure of the Heads, but provides new insight into the origins of the ‘Leveller’ agitation and the Putney Debates, including the famous ‘franchise debates’.

中文翻译:

做“建议的负责人”:国王,军队,水平仪和通往普特尼的道路

本文全面介绍了“建议之首”的起草工作,该计划是由新模范军队于1647年7月制定的和平计划。本文使用了被忽视的手稿来源,包括新发现的小使馆亨利·艾里顿(Henry Ireton)的论文,重构了“建议之首”。经过复杂的谈判,修订和讨价还价过程,提案的负责人由此产生。它描绘了查理一世国王对和平计划的影响,并为君主对提案的回应提供了新的见解。但是,该文章还表明,军队领导人邀请激进的伦敦激进分子参加雷丁会议,以参与制定建议。这些激进分子试图以有限的成功使元首们符合他们对政治的愿景,但是当他们意识到国王的意见和利益在发展计划中得到体现的程度时,他们迅速起了反抗。由此产生的紧张关系确保了即使在1647年8月提案负责人完成并发布之前,该计划在军队的支持者中引起了严重的争议,有助于破坏其前景。事实证明,动摇军队和“独立联盟”的许多政治冲突源于在《建议书的阅读》中的这些分歧。这篇文章不仅阐明了元首失败的原因,而且还提供了对“调平器”煽动和普特尼辩论的起源的新见解,包括著名的“特许经营权辩论”。由此产生的紧张关系确保了即使在1647年8月提案负责人完成并发布之前,该计划在军队的支持者中引起了严重的争议,有助于破坏其前景。事实证明,动摇军队和“独立联盟”的许多政治冲突源于在《建议书的阅读》中的这些分歧。这篇文章不仅阐明了元首失败的原因,而且还提供了对“调平器”煽动和普特尼辩论的起源的新见解,包括著名的“特许经营权辩论”。由此产生的紧张关系确保了即使在1647年8月提案负责人完成并发布之前,该计划在军队的支持者中引起了严重的争议,有助于破坏其前景。事实证明,动摇军队和“独立联盟”的许多政治冲突源于在《建议书的阅读》中的这些分歧。这篇文章不仅阐明了元首失败的原因,而且还提供了对“调平器”煽动和普特尼辩论的起源的新见解,包括著名的“特许经营权辩论”。事实证明,动摇军队和“独立联盟”的许多政治冲突源于在《建议书的阅读》中的这些分歧。这篇文章不仅阐明了元首失败的原因,而且还提供了对“调平器”煽动和普特尼辩论的起源的新见解,包括著名的“特许经营权辩论”。事实证明,动摇军队和“独立联盟”的许多政治冲突源于在《建议书的阅读》中的这些分歧。这篇文章不仅阐明了元首失败的原因,而且还提供了对“调平器”煽动和普特尼辩论的起源的新见解,包括著名的“专营权辩论”。
更新日期:2021-02-22
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