ABSTRACT

Straw is the main by-product of grain production, used as bedding material and animal feed. If produced or stored under adverse hygienic conditions, straw is prone to the growth of filamentous fungi. Some of them, e.g. Aspergillus, Fusarium and Stachybotrys spp. are well-known mycotoxin producers. Since studies on mycotoxins in straw are scarce, 192 straw samples (wheat n = 80; barley n = 79; triticale n = 12; oat n = 11; rye n = 12) were collected across Germany within the German official feed surveillance and screened for the presence of 21 mycotoxins. The following mycotoxins (positive samples for at least one mycotoxin n = 184) were detected: zearalenone (n = 86, 6.0–785 μg/kg), nivalenol (n = 51, 30–2,600 μg/kg), deoxynivalenol (n = 156, 20–24,000 μg/kg), 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (n = 34, 20–2,400 μg/kg), 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (n = 16, 40–340 μg/kg), scirpentriol (n = 14, 40–680 μg/kg), T-2 toxin (n = 67, 10–250 μg/kg), HT-2 toxin (n = 92, 20–800 μg/kg), T-2 tetraol (n = 13, 70–480 μg/kg). 15-monoacetoxyscirpenol (30 μg/kg) and T-2 triol (60 μg/kg) were only detected in one barley sample. Macrocyclic trichothecenes (satratoxin G, F, roridin E, and verrucarin J) were also found in only one barley sample (quantified as roridin A equivalent: total 183 μg/kg). The occurrence of stachybotrylactam was monitored for the first time in four samples (n = 4, 0.96–7.4 μg/kg). Fusarenon-X, 4,15-diacetoxyscirpenol, neosolaniol, satratoxin H and roridin-L2 were not detectable in the samples. The results indicate a non-negligible contribution of straw to oral and possibly inhalation exposure to mycotoxins of animals or humans handling contaminated straw.

摘要

秸秆是粮食生产的主要副产品，用作垫料和动物饲料。如果在不利的卫生条件下生产或储存，秸秆很容易滋生丝状真菌。其中一些，例如曲霉属、镰刀菌属和水葡萄属属。是著名的霉菌毒素生产商。由于对秸秆中真菌毒素的研究很少，因此在德国官方饲料监测范围内，在德国各地收集了192 个秸秆样品（小麦n = 80；大麦n = 79；小黑麦n = 12；燕麦n = 11；黑麦n = 12） 21 种霉菌毒素的存在。以下霉菌毒素（至少一种霉菌毒素阳性样本n检测= 184）：玉米赤霉烯酮（Ñ = 86，6.0-785微克/千克），nivalenol（Ñ = 51，30-2,600微克/千克），呕吐毒素（Ñ = 156，20-24,000微克/千克），15-乙酰-脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇 ( n = 34, 20–2,400 µg/kg), 3-乙酰-脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇 ( n = 16, 40–340 µg/kg), 环戊三醇 ( n = 14, 40–680 µg/kg), T- 2 毒素 ( n = 67, 10–250 µg/kg), HT-2 毒素 ( n = 92, 20–800 µg/kg), T-2 四醇 ( n= 13, 70–480 μg/kg)。仅在一份大麦样品中检测到 15-单乙酰氧基香萜醇 (30 μg/kg) 和 T-2 三醇 (60 μg/kg)。仅在一个大麦样品中也发现了大环单端孢霉烯（satratoxin G、F、roridin E 和 verrucarin J）（量化为 roridin A 等价物：总量为 183 μg/kg）。在四个样品中首次监测到水苏木内酰胺的出现 ( n = 4, 0.96–7.4 μg/kg)。Fusarenon-X, 4,15-diacetoxyscirpenol, neosolaniol, satratoxin H 和 roridin-L2 在样品中检测不到。结果表明，秸秆对处理受污染秸秆的动物或人类的口腔和可能吸入霉菌毒素的影响不可忽视。