Helplessness and hopelessness are transdiagnostic and aggravating factors of mental ill health, but their relation with somatization is not well documented. The main objectives were to identify somatic symptoms that are particularly associated with helplessness, referred to as somatic symptoms of helplessness (SS‐He), and hopelessness, referred to as somatic symptoms of hopelessness (SS‐Ho), determine increased risk of helplessness and hopelessness if having these symptoms and a certain number of these symptoms, and determine sensitivity and specificity in identifying helplessness and hopelessness based on number of these symptoms in a general Swedish sample. Population‐based data from validated questionnaire instruments were used from 3,210 participants who constituted case groups of helplessness and hopelessness, and corresponding reference groups. Among 15 common somatic symptoms, five SS‐He (e.g., feeling tired/having low energy) and five SS‐Ho (e.g., dizziness) were identified, showing increased risk of helplessness and hopelessness that ranged from the factor 1.73 to 2.58 and from 1.44 to 1.92, respectively, which decreased considerably when controlled for depression and anxiety. The risk of helplessness increased by the factor 1.49 for each additional SS‐He, and by 1.38 for each SS‐Ho. A cutoff of two/three or more SS‐He showed a sensitivity of 81.7/63.7% and a specificity of 40.6/61.4% in identifying helplessness, and 77.4/54.6% and 40.4/66.1%, respectively, in identifying hopelessness based on two/three or more SS‐Ho. Primary care clinicians may consider further investigation of helplessness and hopelessness as well as depression and anxiety if presenting with these symptoms.

中文翻译：

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无助和绝望的躯体症状

无助和绝望是精神疾病的跨诊断和加重因素，但它们与躯体化的关系没有得到很好的记录。主要目标是确定特别与无助相关的躯体症状，称为无助的躯体症状 (SS-He) 和绝望，称为绝望的躯体症状 (SS-Ho)，确定无助的风险增加和如果有这些症状和一定数量的这些症状，则绝望，并根据一般瑞典样本中这些症状的数量确定识别无助和绝望的敏感性和特异性。来自 3,210 名参与者的经过验证的问卷工具的基于人群的数据被使用，这些参与者构成了无助和绝望的案例组，和相应的参考组。在 15 种常见的躯体症状中，确定了 5 种 SS-He（例如，感觉疲倦/精力不足）和 5 种 SS-Ho（例如，头晕），显示无助和绝望的风险增加，范围从 1.73 到 2.58，从分别为 1.44 至 1.92，在控制抑郁和焦虑时显着降低。每增加一个 SS-He，无助的风险增加 1.49 倍，每增加一个 SS-Ho 增加 1.38。两个/三个或更多 SS-He 的临界值在识别无助感方面显示出 81.7/63.7% 的敏感性和 40.6/61.4% 的特异性，以及基于两个识别无望感的 77.4/54.6% 和 40.4/66.1% /三个或更多SS-Ho。