Hybrid simulations, where ions are treated kinetically and electrons as a fluid, seek to describe ion microphysics with maximum physical fidelity. The hybrid approach addresses the fundamental need for space plasma models to incorporate physics beyond magnetohydrodynamics. Global hybrid simulations must account for a wide range of both kinetic ion and whistler/Alfvén wave spatio-temporal scales in strongly inhomogeneous plasmas. We present results from two three-dimensional hybrid simulations performed with a novel asynchronous code, HYPERS designed to overcome computational bottlenecks that typically arise in such multiscale simulations. First, we demonstrate an excellent match between simulated lunar wake profiles and observations. We also compare our results to similar ones from two other hybrid simulations performed with conventional (time-stepped) codes. Second, we investigate the interaction of the solar wind with the Earth's dayside magnetosphere under conditions when the orientation of the interplanetary magnetic field is quasi-radial. In this high-resolution simulation we highlight three-dimensional properties of foreshock perturbations formed by the backstreaming ions.

混合模拟（其中将离子动力学地处理，而电子作为流体处理）试图以最大的物理保真度描述离子微观物理学。混合方法满足了空间等离子体模型的基本需求，以将物理力学纳入磁流体动力学之外。全局混合模拟必须考虑到强烈非均质等离子体中动离子和惠斯勒/Alfvén波时空尺度的广泛变化。我们介绍了使用新颖的异步代码HYPERS进行的两个三维混合仿真的结果，这些代码旨在克服这种多尺度仿真中通常出现的计算瓶颈。首先，我们演示了模拟的月球轮廓和观测结果之间的出色匹配。我们还将我们的结果与使用常规（时间步长）代码进行的其他两个混合仿真得到的结果进行比较。其次，在行星际磁场的方向为准径向的条件下，我们研究了太阳风与地球日间磁层的相互作用。在此高分辨率模拟中，我们重点介绍了由回流离子形成的前震扰动的三维特性。