Nationality came during the nineteenth century to be regarded as conferring an entitlement to diplomatic protection by the national government. Powerful States used the rules against weaker ones to enforce rights of their nationals who had failed to secure justice through local remedies. Changes in the international order had the effect of diminishing the effectiveness of this practice. But the reduction in formal diplomatic protection for individuals and for companies has been matched by growth in compensatory mechanisms—wider human rights protection, government to government claims settlements and investment protection agreements.

中文翻译：

---

国籍和外交保护

国籍在 19 世纪出现，被视为赋予国家政府外交保护的权利。强国使用针对弱国的规则来执行未能通过当地补救措施确保正义的国民的权利。国际秩序的变化降低了这种做法的有效性。但是，对个人和公司的正式外交保护的减少与补偿机制的增长相匹配——更广泛的人权保护、政府与政府之间的索赔和解和投资保护协议。