In two recent cases before the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU), the General Court (at first instance), the High Court of Justice of England and Wales and the Grand Chamber of the CJEU found that a trade agreement and a fisheries agreement between Morocco and the European Union cannot be applied to occupied Western Sahara without the consent of its people. In spite of the fact that it is the general view that Western Sahara is under belligerent occupation, none of the three courts invoked the law of occupation but based themselves instead on the principle of self-determination and the law governing the administration of non-self-governing territories, including the principle of permanent sovereignty over natural resources. A possible implication of these judgments is that that law and the law of occupation are converging in certain respects, in particular as regards long-term occupation. This pertains not only to the substantive rules on the exercise of authority, which seem to require that the people are heard, but also to the basis for the establishment of that authority, namely bare control.

中文翻译：

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自决、占领和开采自然资源的权力：来自欧洲对西撒哈拉的四项判决的轨迹

在欧盟法院（CJEU）、普通法院（初审）、英格兰和威尔士高等法院以及欧盟法院大法庭最近审理的两个案件中，认定一项贸易协定和一项渔业未经其人民同意，摩洛哥与欧盟之间的协议不能适用于被占领的西撒哈拉。尽管普遍认为西撒哈拉处于交战占领之下，但三个法院均未援引占领法，而是以自决原则和非自治管理法为依据。 - 管辖领土，包括对自然资源的永久主权原则。这些判断的一个可能含义是，该法律和占领法在某些方面正在趋同，特别是在长期占领方面。这不仅与行使权力的实体规则有关，这些规则似乎要求听取人民的意见，而且与建立这种权力的基础，即裸控制有关。