This paper examines the evolution of expropriation provisions contained in Singapore’s bilateral investment treaties and free trade agreements from the 1970s until now. It will be seen that whilst earlier treaties contained skeletal expropriation provisions, the later treaties have sought to guide the exercise of tribunals’ discretion by providing a non-exhaustive list of factors to be taken into account when indirect expropriation is alleged. The consequences of this evolution in Singapore’s treaty-making practice are considered in the light of customary international law. The paper postulates a framework for analyzing Singapore’s treaty practice and this author concludes by submitting that the later treaties arguably go one step further in limiting the scope of indirect expropriation.

中文翻译：

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间接征收条款的演变：新加坡双边投资协定/自由贸易协定的经验教训

本文探讨了从 1970 年代至今，新加坡双边投资条约和自由贸易协定中包含的征用条款的演变。可以看出，虽然早期的条约包含骨骼征用条款，但后来的条约试图通过提供一个非详尽的清单来指导法庭行使自由裁量权，以便在指控间接征用时考虑到这些因素。新加坡条约制定实践的这种演变的后果是根据习惯国际法来考虑的。这篇论文假设了一个分析新加坡条约实践的框架，作者最后指出，后来的条约可以说在限制间接征用范围方面更进了一步。