Abstract This paper proposes that there are three essential elements or phases of development: (i) systemic capacity; (ii) individual capability, and (iii) social citizenship. Significantly, the role of government within each element of development is decidedly different. Systemic capacity refers to the development of the economic means, or wealth creation, needed to provide society with services and public goods. Capability building refers to providing individuals with the basic conditions required to live a long and fulfilling life, such as health and education. Social citizenship recognizes that values held by individuals and groups will often conflict, and there is rarely a singular social end that can determine life in a free society. Fostering citizenship reflects the importance of belonging, and the obligations, responsibilities, and restraint that individuals owe to others, society, and the environment. This third element is a notable departure from many traditional approaches to development, which tend to concentrate on development as largely a process of feeding individual needs. The proposed approach is labelled “freedom from development,” for it is premised on the recognition that while society often benefits from the pursuit of traditional development, it does not do so exclusively nor without qualification. So while there are many instances in which development is a desirable social end, as when people derive greater capabilities from economic growth, there are also situations when the end of development must be displaced in favour of other social priorities. For example, there are times when markets yield freedom, and times when the freedom people crave will be found in rejecting the market altogether. Freedom from development suggests that values represented under the third element of citizenship will often have come at the expense of those of the first two elements, meaning that development in a traditional manner is superseded in a given context. In order to determine when freedom from development is socially desirable, it is suggested that a form of cost-benefit analysis is implicitly conducted, comparing the economic and individual gains available under the first two elements with the potential social gains from belonging under the third element of citizenship.

中文翻译：

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发展自由

摘要本文提出了三个基本要素或发展阶段：（i）系统能力；（ii）个人能力，以及（iii）社会公民身份。显然，政府在每个发展要素中的作用是截然不同的。系统能力是指为社会提供服务和公共物品所需的经济手段或财富创造的发展。能力建设是指为个人提供长寿和充实生活所需的基本条件，例如健康和教育。社会公民意识认识到个人和群体持有的价值观经常会发生冲突，很少有可以决定自由社会生活的单一社会目的。培养公民身份反映了归属感的重要性以及义务，责任，并限制个人应归于他人，社会和环境。这第三个要素与许多传统的发展方式有明显的出入，后者往往将注意力集中在发展上，因为这主要是满足个人需求的过程。提议的方法被标记为“免于发展”，因为它是基于这样的认识，即尽管社会通常会从追求传统发展中受益，但它并没有这样做，也没有资格。因此，尽管在许多情况下，发展是理想的社会目标，例如当人们从经济增长中获得更大的能力时，也有一些情况必须将发展目标移交给其他社会优先事项。例如，有时候市场会产生自由，有时人们会渴望自由，完全拒绝市场。脱离发展的自由表明，在公民的第三要素下代表的价值通常会以牺牲前两个要素的价值为代价，这意味着在特定情况下以传统方式取代了发展。为了确定何时从发展上获得自由是社会所希望的，建议隐含地进行一种成本效益分析，将前两个要素下的经济和个人收益与第三要素下的潜在社会收益进行比较。公民身份。脱离发展的自由表明，在公民的第三要素下代表的价值通常会以牺牲前两个要素的价值为代价，这意味着在特定情况下以传统方式取代了发展。为了确定什么时候从发展中获得自由是社会所希望的，建议隐含地进行一种成本效益分析，将前两个要素下的经济和个人收益与归属于第三要素下的潜在社会收益进行比较。公民身份。脱离发展的自由表明，在公民的第三要素下代表的价值通常会以牺牲前两个要素的价值为代价，这意味着在特定情况下以传统方式取代了发展。为了确定什么时候从发展中获得自由是社会所希望的，建议隐含地进行一种成本效益分析，将前两个要素下的经济和个人收益与归属于第三要素下的潜在社会收益进行比较。公民身份。