Competition law is generally focused on competition in a market. Yet, as recent economic studies have clearly indicated, one of the main sources of competition concerns of jurisdictions around the world is the impact of high levels of aggregate concentration in their markets, when a small group of economic entities controls a large part of the economic activity through holdings in many markets. High levels of aggregate concentration can significantly impact competition and welfare. On the one hand, conglomerates' substantial resources and varied experiences, as well as their economies of scale and scope, often enable them to enter markets more readily than other firms, especially when entry barriers are high. On the other hand, high levels of aggregate concentration raise significant competitive concerns. Most importantly, oligopolistic coordination in and across markets as well as entry barriers into markets might be increased. These effects, in turn, might lead to stagnation and poor utilization of resources, which adversely affect growth and welfare. Another major concern is a political economy one: given their size and economic heft, large conglomerates may attempt to translate their economic power into political power in order to create, protect and entrench their privileged positions. Given these effects, the paper attempts to explore the weight given- if at all- to aggregate concentration in the application of competition laws around the world. The analysis is based, inter alia, on the experiences of 35 different jurisdictions in dealing with aggregate concentration through competition law, based on a survey performed with the assistance of the UN Conference on Trade and Development.

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总体集中度：竞争法解决方案的研究

竞争法通常侧重于市场竞争。然而，正如最近的经济研究清楚表明的那样，世界各地司法管辖区的竞争问题的主要来源之一是其市场高度集中的影响，当时一小群经济实体控制着大部分经济体。通过在许多市场上的持股进行活动。高水平的总集中度会显着影响竞争和福利。一方面，企业集团丰富的资源和不同的经验，以及规模经济和范围经济，往往使它们比其他公司更容易进入市场，尤其是在进入壁垒很高的情况下。另一方面，高水平的总体集中度引发了显着的竞争问题。最重要的是，市场内部和市场之间的寡头垄断协调以及进入市场的壁垒可能会增加。反过来，这些影响可能会导致资源停滞和利用率低下，从而对增长和福利产生不利影响。另一个主要问题是政治经济问题：鉴于其规模和经济实力，大型企业集团可能会试图将其经济权力转化为政治权力，以创造、保护和巩固其特权地位。鉴于这些影响，本文试图探讨在全球竞争法的应用中给总集中度赋予的权重（如果有的话）。该分析主要基于 35 个不同司法管辖区通过竞争法处理总体集中的经验，