This article studies the conditions that lead peripheral minorities to identify with the state, their ethnic group, or neighboring countries. We contribute to research on separatism and irredentism by examining how violence, psychological distance, and national status determine identification. The analysis uses data from a novel experiment that randomized videos of actual violence in a large, representative survey of the Kashmir Valley region in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir, an enduring site of separatist and irredentist conflict. We find that a strong regional identity is a counterweight to irredentism, but violent repression by the state can push members of the minority to identify with an irredentist neighbor. Violence increases perceived distance from the nation and reduces national identification. There is suggestive evidence that these effects are concentrated among individuals with attributes that otherwise predict higher levels of identification with the state. Information about integrative institutions and increased national status brought about by economic growth is insufficient to induce national identification in a context where psychological distance from the nation is large.

中文翻译：

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暴力暴露和种族认同：来自克什米尔的证据

本文研究导致边缘少数民族认同国家、民族或邻国的条件。我们通过研究暴力、心理距离和国家地位如何决定身份认同，为分离主义和民族统一主义的研究做出贡献。该分析使用了一项新实验的数据，该实验在对印度查谟和克什米尔邦克什米尔山谷地区进行的大规模代表性调查中随机分配了实际暴力视频，该地区是分离主义和统一主义冲突的持久地区。我们发现，强烈的区域认同是对统一主义的一种平衡，但国家的暴力镇压会促使少数族裔成员认同一个统一主义的邻居。暴力增加了与国家的感知距离并降低了国家认同感。有暗示性证据表明，这些影响集中在具有其他属性的个人身上，否则这些属性预示着对国家的更高程度的认同。在与民族心理距离较大的背景下，经济增长带来的一体化制度和国家地位提升等信息不足以引发民族认同。