This study examines two nominalizing prefixes in Indonesian: PE- and PEN-, which derive nouns from verbs with a range of meanings similar to that found in -er suffix in English. The prefix PE- is form-invariant, whereas PEN- has several nasal allomorphs. Given their similarity in form and function, the question arises of whether PE- and PEN- are allomorphs. We conducted a corpus-based analysis of their productivity, using the written Indonesian corpus in the Leipzig Corpora Collection. In this corpus, PEN- is apparently more productive than PE-. Interestingly, the frequency of words with PEN- correlates significantly with the productivity of the corresponding base verbs. In addition, PEN- is more integrated into the verbal system; verbs that have PEN- are part of larger verb families. PEN- attaches almost exclusively to verbs and creates nouns denoting agents and instruments. By contrast, PE- creates nouns denoting agents and patients and attaches not only to verbs but also to nouns and adjectives. For derived words with PE-, there is no significant correlation between the frequency of the nominalization and the frequency of its base. PE- also does not participate in the linearity of the productivity of the allomorphs of base and derived words that characterizes PEN-. Words with PE- are also more often input to further reduplication and inflectional variants than is the case for PEN-. This corpus-based research thus illustrates that affixes can have different qualitative and quantitative properties, although at first blush they look like allomorphs. Our analyses justify their treatment in the Indonesian literature as separate prefixes.

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印度尼西亚语前缀PE-和PEN-：生产率和同种异形的研究

这项研究研究了印度尼西亚语中的两个名词化前缀：PE-和PEN-，它们从动词中衍生出名词，其含义范围与英语的-er后缀相似。前缀PE-是形式不变的，而PEN-具有几种鼻同种异体。鉴于它们在形式和功能上的相似性，提出了一个问题，即PE-和PEN-是否是同种异形体。我们使用莱比锡语料库集合中的印度尼西亚语料库对他们的生产力进行了基于语料库的分析。在这个语料库中，PEN-显然比PE-更具生产力。有趣的是，带有PEN-的单词的频率与相应基础动词的生产率显着相关。此外，PEN-更集成到语言系统中；具有PEN-的动词是较大动词族的一部分。PEN-几乎完全附加在动词上，并创建表示主体和工具的名词。相比之下，PE-创建表示代理和患者的名词，不仅附在动词上，而且附在名词和形容词上。对于带有PE-的派生词，名词化频率与其基频之间没有显着相关性。PE-也不参与表征PEN-的基础词和派生词的同素异形词的生产率的线性关系。与PEN-相比，带有PE-的单词也经常被输入到进一步的重复和变形词变体中。因此，这项基于语料库的研究表明，词缀可以具有不同的定性和定量属性，尽管乍一看它们看起来像同种异体。