Derivational paradigms sometimes present gaps (e.g. capital → capitalist → capitalistic but character → gap: *characterist → characteristic). In many cases, gaps in derivational paradigms are merely apparent: on closer scrutiny, they prove not to be gaps at all. In some instances, an apparent gap is in reality the reflection of a morphological rule’s versatility; in such instances, a single rule serves either to mark the derivation of one lexeme from another or to define the relation between two stems of the same lexeme. In other instances, an apparent gap is actually the reflection of an independently motivated principle of rule conflation. The conflation of rule B with rule A yields an apparent gap in a lexeme’s derivational paradigm in one of two ways: (i) in some instances, the conflation’s domain of application is a subset of that of rule A but the conflation nevertheless exhibits greater productivity than rule A on its own; (ii) in other instances, the conflation’s domain of application is not a subset of that of rule A. Once the effects of rule versatility and rule conflation are taken into account, numerous apparent gaps prove not to be gaps at all, a fact with significant implications for understanding the architecture of a language’s morphology.

中文翻译：

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衍生范式中明显差距的一些来源

衍生范式有时会出现差距（例如，资本→资本主义→资本主义，但性格→差距：*性格→特征）。在许多情况下，派生范式中的差距仅是显而易见的：仔细检查，它们根本就不是差距。在某些情况下，表面上的差距实际上反映了形态学规则的多功能性。在这种情况下，一条规则既可以标记一个词素从另一个词素衍生而来，也可以定义同一词素的两个词干之间的关系。在其他情况下，明显的差距实际上是对规则混合的独立动机原则的反映。规则B与规则A的混合使用两种方式之一在词素的派生范式中产生明显的差距：（i）在某些情况下，合并的应用范围是规则A的子集，但是合并比单独的规则A具有更高的生产率；（ii）在其他情况下，合并的应用范围不是规则A的子集。一旦考虑了规则通用性和规则合并的影响，许多明显的差距就根本不是差距，这是事实。对于理解语言形态的体系结构具有重要意义。