The case for thermalization as a contributor to the [C ii] deficit,Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

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The case for thermalization as a contributor to the [C ii] deficit
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society ( IF 4.8 ) Pub Date : 2021-02-18 , DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stab490
Jessica Sutter ₁ , Daniel A Dale ₁ , Karin Sandstrom ₂ , J D T Smith ₃ , Alberto Bolatto ₄ , Mederic Boquien ₅ , Daniela Calzetti ₆ , Kevin V Croxall ₇ , Ilse De Looze ₈ , Maud Galametz ₉ , Brent A Groves _{10,

11} , George Helou ₁₂ , Rodrigo Herrera-Camus ₁₃ , Leslie K Hunt ₁₄ , Robert C Kennicutt _{15,

16} , Eric W Pelligrini ₁₇ , Christine Wilson ₁₈ , Mark G Wolfire ₄

Affiliation

Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Wyoming, Laramie WY, 82072, USA
Center for Astrophysics and Space Sciences, Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43606, USA
Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
Centro de Astronomía (CITEVA), Universidad de Antofagasta, Avenida Angamos 601, Antofagasta, 1270300, Chile
Department of Astronomy, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
Expeed Software, Columbus, OH, 43085, USA
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
Laboratoire AIM, CEA, Université Paris Diderot, IRFU/Service d’Astrophysique, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91191, France
Research School of Astronomy & Astrophysics, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2611, Australia
University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
IPAC, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
Departmento de Astronomía, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas, Universidad de Concepción, 5XC8+68 Concepción, Chile
INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Firenze, 50125, Italy
Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85719, USA
George P. and Cynthia W. Mitchell Institute for Fundamental Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L8, Canada

The [C ii] deficit, which describes the observed decrease in the ratio of [C ii] 158 μm emission to continuum infrared emission in galaxies with high star formation surface densities, places a significant challenge to the interpretation of [C ii] detections from across the observable universe. In an attempt to further decode the cause of the [C ii] deficit, the [C ii] and dust continuum emission from 18 Local Volume galaxies has been split based on conditions within the interstellar medium where it originated. This is completed using the Key Insights in Nearby Galaxies: a Far-Infrared Survey with Herschel (KINGFISH) and Beyond the Peak (BtP) surveys and the wide-range of wavelength information, from UV to far-infrared emission lines, available for a selection of star-forming regions within these samples. By comparing these subdivided [C ii] emissions to isolated infrared emission and other properties, we find that the thermalization (collisional de-excitation) of the [C ii] line in H ii regions plays a significant role in the deficit observed in our sample.

中文翻译：

热化导致 [C ii] 不足的情况

[C ii] 缺陷描述了在具有高恒星形成表面密度的星系中观察到的 [C ii] 158 μm 发射与连续红外发射之比的下降，这对解释来自在可观测的宇宙中。为了进一步解读 [C ii] 缺陷的原因，来自 18 个局部体积星系的 [C ii] 和尘埃连续谱已根据其起源的星际介质内的条件进行了拆分。这是使用附近星系的关键见解完成的：使用赫歇尔 (KINGFISH) 进行远红外调查和超越峰值 (BtP) 调查以及从紫外到远红外发射线的广泛波长信息，可用于在这些样本中选择恒星形成区域。

更新日期：2021-02-18

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