ABSTRACT

Policy formulation refers to how problems identified in the agenda-setting phase transform into government programs. As the process of designing policy alternatives expresses and allocates power among different interests, policy formulation affects both implementation and outcomes. This paper examines the Swedish moose policy of 2010, revealing that the policy portrays the issue of moose as an ecological problem, while motivations for adopting policy measures are largely described in economic terms. Because of this incongruity, the policy may not achieve its goals. Furthermore, implementation principles stemming from different design strategies clash in the attempt to incorporate both local and ecosystem-based levels of management into a single system, leaving the policy implementation with many uncertainties and tensions. To deliver the policy’s goal, the government could consider clarifying the operationalization of the ecosystem-based management approach and identifying the prerequisites necessary for building capacity, dealing with strong stakeholders, and ensuring fair representation of key actors. Future research should further explore the consequences of policy imbalances in relation to intended goals, the importance of understanding the rationales and design strategies underpinning implementation principles, and the need to discuss operationalization of EBM in relation to different types of objects of management and to issues of scale.

摘要

政策制定是指在议程设置阶段发现的问题如何转化为政府计划。由于设计政策选择的过程在不同利益之间表达和分配权力，政策制定会影响实施和结果。本文考察了瑞典 2010 年的驼鹿政策，揭示该政策将驼鹿问题描述为生态问题，而采取政策措施的动机主要是从经济角度描述的。由于这种不一致，该政策可能无法实现其目标。此外，源自不同设计策略的实施原则在试图将本地和基于生态系统的管理水平整合到一个系统中时会发生冲突，从而使政策实施存在许多不确定性和紧张局势。为实现政策目标，政府可以考虑明确基于生态系统的管理方法的可操作性，并确定能力建设、与强大的利益相关者打交道以及确保关键参与者的公平代表性所必需的先决条件。未来的研究应进一步探讨与预期目标相关的政策失衡的后果、理解支持实施原则的基本原理和设计策略的重要性，以及讨论与不同类型的管理对象和问题相关的 EBM 操作的必要性。规模。并确保关键参与者的公平代表性。未来的研究应进一步探讨与预期目标相关的政策失衡的后果、理解支持实施原则的基本原理和设计策略的重要性，以及讨论与不同类型的管理对象和问题相关的 EBM 操作的必要性。规模。并确保关键参与者的公平代表性。未来的研究应进一步探讨与预期目标相关的政策失衡的后果、理解支持实施原则的基本原理和设计策略的重要性，以及讨论与不同类型的管理对象和问题相关的 EBM 操作的必要性。规模。