Although positive parenting behavior is central to efficacious interventions for child conduct problems (CP), studies of youth CP have focused mostly on negative parenting behavior. That is, few studies have examined dimensions of positive parenting behavior (e.g., positive reinforcement, involvement) as independent predictors of CP and even fewer have investigated their potential moderation by callous‐unemotional (CU) traits. A sample of 184 6–9 year‐old children with and without attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) was followed prospectively for two years. Controlling for baseline ADHD diagnostic status, initial CP, and negative parenting (i.e., corporal punishment), we examined CU traits, positive reinforcement and involvement, and their interactions as predictors of two‐year change in CP. Positive reinforcement and CU traits independently predicted increased rule breaking behavior whereas parental involvement inversely predicted aggressive behavior. A significant positive reinforcement x CU traits interaction suggested that positive reinforcement predicted a decrease in aggressive behavior, but only in children with low CU traits; conversely, positively reinforcement marginally predicted increased aggressive behavior among children with high CU traits. No other significant parenting x CU traits interaction was observed. We consider these findings within a developmental psychopathology framework where interactive exchanges underlie the development of CP.

中文翻译：

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为人父母的行为和儿童行为问题的成长：通过无情-情绪低落特征进行节制

尽管积极的养育行为是对儿童行为问题（CP）进行有效干预的核心，但对青少年CP的研究主要集中在消极的养育行为上。就是说，很少有研究将积极的养育行为的维度（例如，积极的强化，参与）作为CP的独立预测因素进行了研究，很少有研究通过无性行为（CU）性状来研究其潜在的调节作用。前瞻性随访了184名6-9岁有或没有注意力缺陷/多动障碍（ADHD）的儿童的样本。控制基线多动症的诊断状态，初始CP和负父母育儿（即体罚），我们检查了CU特征，正强化和参与以及它们之间的相互作用，作为CP两年变化的预测指标。积极的强化和CU特征独立地预测规则打破行为的增加，而父母的参与则相反地预测攻击行为。显着的正强化x CU特质相互作用表明，正强化预示着攻击行为的减少，但仅在低CU特质的儿童中。相反，正面强化在边缘上预测了具有较高CU特质的儿童的攻击行为会增加。没有观察到其他显着的育儿x CU特质相互作用。我们在一个发展性心理病理学框架内考虑这些发现，其中互动交流是CP发展的基础。显着的正强化x CU特质相互作用表明，正强化预示着攻击行为的减少，但仅在低CU特质的儿童中。相反，正面强化在边缘上预测了具有较高CU特质的儿童的攻击行为会增加。没有观察到其他显着的育儿x CU特质相互作用。我们在一个发展性精神病理学框架内考虑这些发现，其中互动交流是CP发展的基础。显着的正强化x CU特质相互作用表明，正强化预示着攻击行为的减少，但仅在低CU特质的儿童中。相反，正面强化在边缘上预测了具有较高CU特质的儿童的攻击行为会增加。没有观察到其他显着的育儿x CU特质相互作用。我们在一个发展性心理病理学框架内考虑这些发现，其中互动交流是CP发展的基础。