The 2017–2027 National Academies' Decadal Survey, Thriving on Our Changing Planet, recommended Surface Biology and Geology (SBG) as a “Designated Targeted Observable” (DO). The SBG DO is based on the need for capabilities to acquire global, high spatial resolution, visible to shortwave infrared (VSWIR; 380–2500 nm; ~30 m pixel resolution) hyperspectral (imaging spectroscopy) and multispectral midwave and thermal infrared (MWIR: 3–5 μm; TIR: 8–12 μm; ~60 m pixel resolution) measurements with sub-monthly temporal revisits over terrestrial, freshwater, and coastal marine habitats. To address the various mission design needs, an SBG Algorithms Working Group of multidisciplinary researchers has been formed to review and evaluate the algorithms applicable to the SBG DO across a wide range of Earth science disciplines, including terrestrial and aquatic ecology, atmospheric science, geology, and hydrology. Here, we summarize current state-of-the-practice VSWIR and TIR algorithms that use airborne or orbital spectral imaging observations to address the SBG DO priorities identified by the Decadal Survey: (i) terrestrial vegetation physiology, functional traits, and health; (ii) inland and coastal aquatic ecosystems physiology, functional traits, and health; (iii) snow and ice accumulation, melting, and albedo; (iv) active surface composition (eruptions, landslides, evolving landscapes, hazard risks); (v) effects of changing land use on surface energy, water, momentum, and carbon fluxes; and (vi) managing agriculture, natural habitats, water use/quality, and urban development. We review existing algorithms in the following categories: snow/ice, aquatic environments, geology, and terrestrial vegetation, and summarize the community-state-of-practice in each category. This effort synthesizes the findings of more than 130 scientists.

2017-2027年美国国家科学院的十年调查，在我们不断变化的地球上蓬勃发展，建议将表面生物学和地质学（SBG）称为“指定目标可观察物”（DO）。SBG DO的基础是需要获得全局的高空间分辨率，对短波红外（VSWIR; 380–2500 nm;约30 m像素分辨率），高光谱（成像光谱）和多光谱中波和热红外（MWIR： 3–5μm； TIR：8–12μm；〜60 m像素分辨率）测量，每个月一次，对陆地，淡水和沿海海洋栖息地进行时间重新评估。为了满足各种任务设计需求，已成立了一个由多学科研究人员组成的SBG算法工作组，以审查和评估适用于SBG DO的算法，这些算法适用于广泛的地球科学学科，包括陆地和水生生态学，大气科学，地质学，和水文学。这里，我们总结了目前的实践状态VSWIR和TIR算法，这些算法使用机载或轨道光谱成像观测来解决年代际调查确定的SBG DO优先事项：（i）陆地植被生理，功能特征和健康；（ii）内陆和沿海水生生态系统的生理，功能特征和健康；（iii）冰雪的积聚，融化和反照率；（iv）活跃的地表成分（喷发，滑坡，不断变化的景观，危害风险）；（v）改变土地用途对表面能，水，动量和碳通量的影响；（vi）管理农业，自然栖息地，水的使用/质量和城市发展。我们将对以下类别的现有算法进行回顾：雪/冰，水生环境，地质和陆生植被，并总结每个类别中的社区实践状态。这项工作综合了130多位科学家的发现。