The contribution of urban green infrastructure (UGI) to human well-being has been demonstrated in several studies. A common method to evaluate such contributions is to measure the ecosystem services (ES) provided by the vegetation or water bodies present in urban green and blue spaces (UGBS) that constitute the UGI. The efficiency and spatial distribution of diverse types of UGBS in the provision of various ES could be considered by urban planners or managers to define specific objectives in future planning processes. In this context, we propose a methodological approach to develop an effective UGI based on an index of mismatches between supply and demand of ES (MbSDES) that addresses the mismatches between supply and demand for three ES (run-off retention, air purification, and cooling) provided by different UGBS in the city of Bilbao (Basque Country, North Spain). ES supply and demand for the three ES were at the urban neighbourhood level. The results indicate that there was a clear mismatch between ES supply and demand in the study area with 35% of the neighbourhood showing negative values for the MbSDES, which indicated that the actual UGBS do not satisfy the demand for ES. Hence, those areas with ES supply deficits should be a priority when planning new green areas (parks, tree lines, urban gardens) within the municipality. This challenge could be addressed by selecting the type of UGBS structure that is planned and improving the net efficiency of the UGI.

几项研究证明了城市绿色基础设施（UGI）对人类福祉的贡献。评估此类贡献的一种常用方法是测量由构成UGI的城市绿色和蓝色空间（UGBS）中存在的植被或水体提供的生态系统服务（ES）。城市规划人员或管理人员可以考虑在提供各种ES时使用各种类型的UGBS的效率和空间分布，以在将来的规划过程中定义特定的目标。在此背景下，我们提出了一种基于ES供需不匹配指数（MbSDES）来开发有效的UGI的方法论方法，该指标解决了三个ES供需之间的不匹配（径流保留，空气净化，和冷却）由毕尔巴鄂市（西班牙北部巴斯克地区）的其他UGBS提供。三个ES的ES供求都在城市邻里一级。结果表明，研究区域的ES供需之间存在明显的不匹配，其中35％的邻域显示MbSDES为负值，这表明实际的UGBS不能满足ES的需求。因此，在市内规划新的绿色区域（公园，林木，城市花园）时，那些具有ES供应短缺的区域应被优先考虑。可以通过选择已计划的UGBS结构的类型并提高UGI的净效率来解决这一挑战。结果表明，研究区域的ES供需之间存在明显的不匹配，其中35％的邻域显示MbSDES为负值，这表明实际的UGBS不能满足ES的需求。因此，在市内规划新的绿色区域（公园，林木，城市花园）时，那些具有ES供应短缺的区域应被优先考虑。可以通过选择已计划的UGBS结构的类型并提高UGI的净效率来解决这一挑战。结果表明，研究区域的ES供需之间存在明显的不匹配，其中35％的邻域显示MbSDES为负值，这表明实际的UGBS不能满足ES的需求。因此，在市内规划新的绿色区域（公园，林木，城市花园）时，那些具有ES供应短缺的区域应被优先考虑。可以通过选择已计划的UGBS结构的类型并提高UGI的净效率来解决这一挑战。