Arthropod diversity of different taxonomic groups and ecosystem services are declining, yet current measures to counteract losses are often restricted to small areas of land or field margins, particularly in agricultural systems. At the same time, large areas of land will be required to feed a growing global population. Intercropping has been proposed as a potential solution to maximize both biodiversity and yield at large scale, but experimental evidence is scarce.

In a three-year field experiment, we manipulated crop diversity and management intensity in a cereal-legume intercropping experiment in Germany, where 50% of wheat was replaced by faba beans. We measured arthropod abundance and diversity of different functional groups (pollinators, natural enemies, herbivores) and crop yield.

We found that increasing crop diversity increased abundance and diversity of arthropods. Notably, pollinator and natural enemy abundances increased in intercropped systems. Low management intensity generally had positive effects on arthropod abundance and especially on pollinator diversity, indicating benefits of reduced inputs of fertilizers and herbicides. While wheat yield was higher in monocultures and for high management intensity, total grain yield of the intercrop (indicated by land equivalent ratio) was higher in mixtures. We found that trade-offs were stronger between arthropod diversity and wheat yield than between arthropod abundance and wheat yield. Specialist wheat herbivores and generalist herbivores were more abundant at higher wheat yields. Conversely, pollinator and natural enemy diversity were negatively associated with wheat yield.

Our results show that diversification can promote both higher yields and greater diversity of arthropods. Intercropping can thus be an opportunity to support biodiversity without risking significant yield losses.

不同生物分类群和生态系统服务的节肢动物多样性正在下降，然而，目前为弥补损失而采取的措施往往仅限于土地或田间边缘的小区域，特别是在农业系统中。同时，将需要大片土地来养活不断增长的全球人口。间作已被提议为最大程度地最大化生物多样性和产量的潜在解决方案，但是缺乏实验证据。

在一项为期三年的田间试验中，我们在德国的谷物-豆类间作试验中操纵了农作物的多样性和经营强度，该试验中50％的小麦被蚕豆替代。我们测量了节肢动物的丰度和不同功能组（授粉媒介，天敌，草食动物）的多样性和作物产量。

我们发现，增加作物多样性会增加节肢动物的丰度和多样性。值得注意的是，间作系统中传粉媒介和天敌的丰度增加了。低管理强度通常对节肢动物的丰度，尤其是对传粉媒介的多样性有积极影响，表明减少肥料和除草剂投入的好处。虽然单一栽培中的小麦单产较高，且管理强度高，但混合作物间作的总谷物产量（以土地当量比表示）较高。我们发现节肢动物多样性与小麦产量之间的权衡比节肢动物丰度与小麦产量之间的权衡更强。小麦高产时，特种小麦草食动物和普通小麦草食动物更为丰富。反过来，

我们的结果表明，多样化可以促进节肢动物的更高产量和更大多样性。因此，间作可能是一个支持生物多样性而又不会造成重大产量损失的机会。