High-throughput DNA sequencing has dramatically transformed several areas of biodiversity research including mycology. Despite limitations, high-throughput sequencing is nowadays a predominant method to characterize the alpha and beta diversity of fungal communities. Across the papers utilizing high-throughput sequencing approaches to study natural habitats in terrestrial ecosystems worldwide, > 200 studies published until 2019 have generated over 250 million sequences of the primary mycological metabarcoding marker, the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2). Here we show that at a 97% sequence similarity threshold, the total richness of non-singleton fungal taxa across the studies published so far is 1.08 million, mostly Ascomycota (56.8% of the taxa) and Basidiomycota (36.7% of the taxa). The Chao-1 estimate of the total extant fungal diversity based on this dataset is 6.28 million taxa, representing a conservative estimate of global fungal species richness. Soil and litter represent the habitats with the highest alpha diversity of fungi followed by air, plant shoots, plant roots and deadwood with Chao-1 predictions, for samples containing 5000 sequences, of 1219, 569, 392, 228, 215 and 140 molecular species, respectively. Based on the high-throughput sequencing data, the highest proportion of unknown fungal species is associated with samples of lichen and plant tissues. When considering the use of high-throughput sequencing for the estimation of global fungal diversity, the limitations of the method have to be taken into account, some of which are sequencing platform-specific while others are inherent to the metabarcoding approaches of species representation. In this respect, high-throughput sequencing data can complement fungal diversity predictions based on methods of traditional mycology and increase our understanding of fungal biodiversity.

高通量DNA测序已极大地改变了包括真菌学在内的生物多样性研究的多个领域。尽管有限制，但如今，高通量测序已成为表征真菌群落的α和β多样性的主要方法。在利用高通量测序方法研究全球陆地生态系统中自然栖息地的所有论文中，截至2019年发表的200多项研究已经产生了超过2.5亿个主要的真菌学元条形码标记（核糖体内部转录间隔子2（ITS2））序列。在这里，我们显示，在97％的序列相似性阈值下，到目前为止，已发表的研究中非单真菌真菌类群的总丰富度为108万，其中大部分为子囊菌（占类群的56.8％）和担子菌属（占类群的36.7％）。根据该数据集，总现存真菌多样性的Chao-1估计值为628万个分类单元，代表了全球真菌物种丰富度的保守估计。对于包含5000个序列的1219、569、392、228、215和140个分子物种的样本，土壤和垃圾代表真菌的阿尔法多样性最高的栖息地，其次是空气，植物新芽，植物根和沉材，具有Chao-1预测。 ， 分别。根据高通量测序数据，未知真菌种类的最高比例与地衣和植物组织的样品有关。在考虑使用高通量测序估算全球真菌多样性时，必须考虑该方法的局限性，其中一些是测序平台特定的，而另一些是物种表示的元条形码方法所固有的。在这方面，高通量测序数据可以补充基于传统真菌学方法的真菌多样性预测，并增加我们对真菌生物多样性的了解。