In recent years, the study of the Civil War era has benefited from a number of fine works on Irish Americans in the Confederate and Union armies. Scholars such as Susannah J. Ural, David T. Gleeson, William B. Kurtz, and Christian G. Samito have expanded historians’ understanding of how members of this immigrant group fought for their adopted nation—a nation that had too frequently welcomed them not with open arms but rather with nativism, antiCatholicism, and anti-immigrant violence. Ryan W. Keating’s Shades of Green: Irish Regiments, American Soldiers, and Local Communities in the Civil War Era represents a worthy addition to the literature on Irish soldiers in the Union army. Keating offers a persuasive, original argument tying together dual nationalisms, localism, and ethnicity, while adding needed nuance to the scholarly conversation on this important nineteenth-century immigrant group. Keating notes that previous works on the Irish in the Civil War have tended to regard these individuals as members of a singular “Irish America” (p. 13). Instead, the author argues, scholars should conceive of the Irish of the CivilWar era as living in the much more complex, plural “Irish Americas,” a term that accounts for local variations among Irish Americans in different cities and states (p. 13). Rather than analyzing the Irish soldiers of Boston, New York, and Philadelphia—the typical settings of scholarship on the subject—Keating shifts his focus to three less-studied regiments: the Ninth Connecticut, the Twentythird Illinois, and the Seventeenth Wisconsin. The author rightly calls for more attention to be paid not only to other predominantly Irish units of the war but also to the ongoing interplay between soldiers and their local communities, which had decisive roles in shaping Irish Americans’ conceptions of the American nation and in weakening the forces of nativism over the course of the war. The book is built on a remarkable database that Keating produced, which provides insights into the wartime and postbellum experiences ofmore than five thousand soldiers in the three regiments. Keating’s demographic and quantitative analysis in the book’s first three chapters is superb. The principal takeaway from this opening section is just how important local circumstances were in influencing how Irish soldiers experienced the war and how the home front interpreted their sacrifices in service of the nation. In many cases, antebellum nativism gave way to positive stereotyping of Irish soldiers as heroic, fierce warriors demonstrating “ethnic bravery” on the battlefield, even though the same soldiers “rarely appeared to think of their time in the army and, in particular in battle, through ethnic lenses” (pp. 107, 110–11). Chapter 6, which deals with Irish soldiers’ reactions to the New York City draft riots of 1863, is especially effective. Because Keating so successfully integrates diverse Irish American experiences into his analysis, readers come away from the book with a new understanding of Irish loyalty during the war. When New York City’s Irish population is conflated with the totality of Keating’s Irish Americas, scholars might assume that all Irish immigrants turned against the war in the 455 BOOK REVIEWS

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绿色阴影：内战时代的爱尔兰军团、美国士兵和当地社区 作者：瑞安·W·基廷

近年来，内战时期的研究受益于许多关于邦联和联盟军队中爱尔兰裔美国人的优秀作品。Susannah J. Ural、David T. Gleeson、William B. Kurtz 和 Christian G. Samito 等学者扩大了历史学家对这个移民群体的成员如何为他们被收养的国家而战的理解——这个国家太频繁地欢迎他们而不是张开双臂，而是带着本土主义、反天主教和反移民暴力。瑞恩·W·基廷 (Ryan W. Keating) 的《绿色阴影：内战时代的爱尔兰军团、美国士兵和当地社区》是关于爱尔兰军队在爱尔兰士兵方面的文献的重要补充。基廷提供了一个有说服力的原创论点，将双重民族主义、地方主义和种族联系在一起，同时为这个重要的 19 世纪移民群体的学术对话增添了必要的细微差别。基廷指出，以前关于内战中爱尔兰人的作品倾向于将这些人视为单一的“爱尔兰裔美国人”（第 13 页）的成员。相反，作者认为，学者们应该将内战时代的爱尔兰人视为生活在更为复杂的复数“爱尔兰美洲”中，这个术语解释了不同城市和州的爱尔兰裔美国人的当地差异（第 13 页） . 基廷并没有分析波士顿、纽约和费城的爱尔兰士兵——这方面的典型学术背景——而是将注意力转移到了三个研究较少的团：康涅狄格第九团、伊利诺伊州第二十三团和威斯康星州第十七团。作者正确地呼吁不仅要更多地关注战争中其他以爱尔兰为主的部队，还要关注士兵与其当地社区之间持续的相互作用，这些相互作用在塑造爱尔兰裔美国人对美国国家的观念和削弱美国民族方面发挥了决定性作用。战争过程中本土主义的力量。这本书建立在基廷制作的一个非凡的数据库之上，该数据库提供了对三个团中五千多名士兵的战时和战后经历的见解。基廷在本书前三章中的人口统计和定量分析非常出色。这个开头部分的主要内容是当地环境在影响爱尔兰士兵如何经历战争以及国内前线如何解释他们为国家服务的牺牲方面有多么重要。在许多情况下，战前本土主义让位于爱尔兰士兵的正面刻板印象，他们认为爱尔兰士兵是在战场上展示“民族勇敢”的英勇、凶猛的战士，尽管这些士兵“似乎很少想到他们在军队中的时光，特别是在战斗中，通过民族镜头”（第 107、110-11 页）。涉及爱尔兰士兵对 1863 年纽约市征兵骚乱的反应的第 6 章特别有效。由于基廷如此成功地将不同的爱尔兰裔美国人的经历整合到他的分析中，读者在阅读本书时对战争期间爱尔兰的忠诚有了新的理解。