This article examines textual descriptions of smiling, laughing and joking with the pope in thirteenth-century Rome. It focuses on two Anglo-Norman accounts of conducting litigation at the papal curia: Thomas of Marlborough's (d.1236) Chronicon abbatiae de Eveshamand Gerald of Wales's (c. 1146–1220×23)De jure et statu Menevensis ecclesiae. Both authors include several careful and prominent references to smiling, laughing and joking, and specifically in relation to Pope Innocent III. These passages have previously been read as straightforward examples of wit and friendship, but this study shows that the authors use these physiological expressions to convey complex and subtly different pictures of the papal curia. Above all, this article demonstrates how Thomas and Gerald's descriptions of humorous interactions with the pope play crucial narrative and mnemonic roles within their work.

中文翻译：

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罗马教皇的微笑、大笑和开玩笑：马尔堡的托马斯和威尔士的杰拉德在无辜三世 (1198–1216) 的法庭上

本文考察了对 13 世纪罗马教皇微笑、大笑和开玩笑的文字描述。它侧重于在教皇法庭进行诉讼的两个盎格鲁-诺曼语帐户：马尔伯勒的托马斯（d.1236) Chronicon abbatiae de Evesham和威尔士的杰拉德 (c. 1146–1220×23)法律和地位 Menevensis ecclesiae. 两位作者都对微笑、大笑和开玩笑，特别是与教皇英诺森三世有关的几个谨慎而突出的提及。这些段落以前被视为智慧和友谊的直接例子，但这项研究表明，作者使用这些生理表达来传达教皇教廷的复杂而微妙的不同画面。最重要的是，本文展示了托马斯和杰拉德对与教皇的幽默互动的描述如何在他们的作品中发挥关键的叙事和记忆作用。