This article explores the transportation of Indian convicts to the port cities of the Bay of Bengal and the Indian Ocean during the period 1789 to 1866. It considers the relationship between East India Company transportation and earlier and concurrent British Crown transportation to the Americas and Australia. It is concerned in particular with the interconnection between convictism and enslavement in the Atlantic and Indian Ocean worlds. Examining the roots of transportation in South Asia in the repressive policies of the East India Company, especially in relation to its occupation of land and expropriation of resources, it moves on to discuss aspects of convicts’ lives in Moulmein, Singapore, Mauritius, and Aden. This includes their labour regime and their relationship to other workers. It argues that Indian convict transportation was part of a carceral circuit of repression and coerced labour extraction that was intertwined with the expansion of East India Company governance and trade. The Company used transportation as a means of removing resistant subjects from their homes, and of supplying an unfree labour force to develop commodity exports and to build the infrastructure necessary for the establishment, population, and connection of littoral nodes. However, the close confinement and association of convicts during transportation rendered the punishment a vector for the development of transregional political solidarities, centred in and around the Company's port cities.

中文翻译：

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1789-1866 年英属亚洲和印度洋的罪犯、商品和联系

本文探讨了 1789 年至 1866 年期间印度囚犯到孟加拉湾和印度洋港口城市的运输。它考虑了东印度公司运输与早期和同时发生的英国王室运输到美洲和澳大利亚之间的关系。它特别关注大西洋和印度洋世界的定罪和奴役之间的相互联系。考察南亚交通在东印度公司的镇压政策中的根源，特别是在其对土地的占用和资源的征用方面，它继续讨论了毛淡棉、新加坡、毛里求斯和亚丁的罪犯生活的各个方面. 这包括他们的劳动制度以及他们与其他工人的关系。他认为，印度囚犯运输是监狱镇压和强迫劳动提取的一部分，与东印度公司治理和贸易的扩张交织在一起。该公司将运输作为一种手段，将抵抗对象从他们的家中移除，并提供非自由劳动力来发展商品出口，并建设建立、人口和连接沿海节点所需的基础设施。然而，在运输过程中对罪犯的严密监禁和结社使惩罚成为发展跨区域政治团结的载体，以公司港口城市为中心及其周边。该公司将运输作为一种手段，将抵抗对象从他们的家中移除，并提供非自由劳动力来发展商品出口，并建设建立、人口和连接沿海节点所需的基础设施。然而，在运输过程中对罪犯的严密监禁和结社使惩罚成为发展跨区域政治团结的载体，以公司港口城市为中心及其周边。该公司将运输作为一种手段，将抵抗对象从他们的家中移除，并提供非自由劳动力来发展商品出口，并建设建立、人口和连接沿海节点所需的基础设施。然而，在运输过程中对罪犯的严密监禁和结社使惩罚成为发展跨区域政治团结的载体，以公司港口城市为中心及其周边。