Alum shale was mined for oil and uranium production in Kvarntorp, Sweden, 1942–1966. Remnants such as pit lakes, exposed shale and a 100-meter-high waste deposit with a hot interior affect the surrounding environment, with elevated concentrations of, e.g., Mo, Ni and U in the recipient. Today most pit lakes are circumneutral while one of the lakes is still acidic. All pit lakes show signs of sulfide weathering with elevated sulfate concentrations. Mass transport calculations show that for elements such as uranium and molybdenum the western lake system (lake Söderhavet in particular) contributes the largest part. For sulfate, the two western lakes contribute with a quarter each, the eastern lake Norrtorpssjön about a third and a serpentine pond system receiving water from the waste deposit contributes around 17%. Except for a few elements (e.g., nickel 35%), the Serpentine system (including the waste deposit area) is not a very pronounced point source for metal release compared to the pit lakes. Estimates about future water runoff when the deposit has cooled down suggest only a slight increase in downstream water flow. There could possibly be first flush effects when previous hot areas have been reached by water.

中文翻译：

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利用传质和元素/硫酸盐比计算估算明矾页岩历史露天开采地区的微量元素释放量

1942年至1966年，瑞典Kvarntorp开采了明矾页岩用于石油和铀生产。残留物（如坑湖，裸露的页岩和内部较热的100米高废物堆积物）会影响周围环境，其中接收者的Mo，Ni和U浓度升高。今天，大多数坑湖都处于中性，而其中一个湖仍然是酸性的。所有的坑湖都显示出硫化物风化的迹象，硫酸盐浓度升高。大量运输计算表明，对于铀和钼等元素，西部湖泊系统（特别是Söderhavet湖）贡献最大。对于硫酸盐而言，两个西部湖泊各占四分之一，东部湖泊Norrtorpssjön约占三分之一，而从废物沉积中接收水的蛇形池塘系统占约17％。除了一些要素（例如，镍35％），与坑湖相比，蛇纹石系统（包括废物沉积区）不是金属释放的非常明显的点源。沉积物冷却后，对未来水径流的估计表明，下游水流仅略有增加。当水到达之前的高温区域时，可能会产生首次冲洗效果。