The toxicological effects of nanoparticles mixtures in aquatic organisms are poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to examine the tissue metal loadings and sublethal effects of silver (nAg), cerium oxide (nCeO), copper oxide (nCuO) and zinc oxide (nZnO) nanoparticles individually at 50 µg/L and in two mixtures to freshwater mussels Dreissena bugensis. The mixtures consisted of 12.5 µg/L of each nanoparticle (Mix50) and 50 µg/L of each nanoparticles (Mix200). After a 96-h exposure period, mussels were analyzed for morphological changes, air time survival, bioaccumulation, inflammation (cyclooxygenase or COX activity), lipid peroxidation (LPO), DNA strand breaks, labile Zn, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and protein–ubiquitin levels. The data revealed that mussels accumulated the nanoparticles with nCeO and nAg were the least and most bioavailable, respectively. Increased tissue metal loadings were observed for nCeO and nCuO in mixtures, while no mixture effects were observed for nAg and nZnO. The weight loss during air emersion was lower in mussels exposed to nCuO alone but not by the mixture. On the one hand, labile Zn levels was increased with nZnO but returned to control values with the Mix50 and Mix200, suggesting antagonism. On the other hand, DNA strand breaks were reduced for both mixtures compared to controls or to the nanoparticles individually, suggesting potentiation of effects. The same was found for protein–ubiquitin levels, which were decreased by nCeO and nCuO alone but not when in mixtures, which increased their levels. In conclusion, the data revealed that the behavior and effects of nanoparticles were influenced by other nanoparticles where antagonist and potentiation interactions were identified.

中文翻译：

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淡水贻贝中无机纳米颗粒混合物的毒理作用

人们对纳米粒子混合物在水生生物中的毒理作用了解得很少。这项研究的目的是分别检查50 µg / L的银（nAg），氧化铈（nCeO），氧化铜（nCuO）和氧化锌（nZnO）纳米颗粒的组织金属负载量和亚致死作用，并以两种混合物淡水贻贝Dreissena bugensis。混合物由12.5μg/ L的每个纳米颗粒（Mix50）和50μg/ L的每个纳米颗粒（Mix200）组成。在暴露96小时后，分析贻贝的形态变化，空气存活时间，生物蓄积，炎症（环氧合酶或COX活性），脂质过氧化（LPO），DNA链断裂，不稳定的锌，乙酰胆碱酯酶（AChE）和蛋白泛素水平。数据显示，贻贝累积的纳米颗粒中nCeO和nAg的生物利用度分别最少。混合物中nCeO和nCuO的组织金属负载增加，而nAg和nZnO则没有混合物的影响。单独暴露于nCuO而不是被混合物暴露的贻贝，出气期间的体重减轻较低。一方面，随着nZnO的增加，不稳定的Zn含量增加，但Mix50和Mix200的锌含量恢复到对照值，表明存在拮抗作用。另一方面，与对照或单独与纳米颗粒相比，两种混合物的DNA链断裂均减少，表明作用增强。对于蛋白质-泛素水平也发现了相同的情况，单独通过nCeO和nCuO可以降低蛋白质-遍在蛋白的水平，而在混合物中则不会如此，从而增加了它们的水平。总之，数据表明，纳米颗粒的行为和作用受到其他纳米颗粒的影响，在纳米颗粒中已发现拮抗和增强作用。对于蛋白质-泛素水平也发现了相同的情况，单独通过nCeO和nCuO可以降低蛋白质-泛素水平，但是在混合时则不会如此，这会增加它们的水平。总之，数据表明，纳米颗粒的行为和作用受到其他纳米颗粒的影响，在纳米颗粒中已发现拮抗和增强作用。对于蛋白质-泛素水平也发现了相同的情况，单独通过nCeO和nCuO可以降低蛋白质-遍在蛋白的水平，而在混合物中则不会如此，从而增加了它们的水平。总之，数据表明，纳米颗粒的行为和作用受到其他纳米颗粒的影响，在纳米颗粒中已发现拮抗和增强作用。