Maritime transportation is recognized to have advantages in terms of environmental impact compared to other forms of transportation. However, an increment in traffic volumes will also produce an increase in noise emissions in the surroundings for a greener source, as ports are frequently surrounded by urban areas. When more sources or higher noise emissions are introduced, the noise exposure of citizens increases, and the likelihood of official complaints rises. As a consequence, among the most demanding aspects of port management is effective noise management aimed at a reduction in the exposure of citizens while ensuring the growth of maritime traffic. At the same time, the topic has not been thoroughly studied by the scientific community, mostly because port areas are challenging from a noise management point of view; they are often characterized by a high degree of complexity, both in terms of the number of different noise sources and their interaction with the other main transportation infrastructure. Therefore, an effective methodology of noise modeling of the port area is currently missing. With regard to the INTERREG Maritime Program, the present paper reports a first attempt to define noise mapping guidelines. On the basis of the current state-of-the-art and the authors’ experiences, noise sources inside port areas can be divided into several different categories: road sources, railway sources, ship sources, port sources, and industrial sources. A further subdivision can be achieved according to the working operation mode and position of the sources. This classification simplifies actions of identification of the responsible source from control bodies, in the case that noise limits are exceeded or citizen complaints arise. It also represents a necessary tool to identify the best placing of medium/long-term noise monitoring stations. The results also act as a base for a future definition of specific and targeted procedures for the acoustic characterization of port noise sources.

中文翻译：

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港口区域噪声映射的噪声源分类

与其他运输方式相比，海上运输在环境影响方面具有优势。但是，由于港口经常被市区包围，交通量的增加也会使周围的噪声排放增加，从而获得更绿色的排放源。当引入更多的来源或更高的噪音排放时，公民的噪音暴露会增加，官方投诉的可能性也会增加。结果，在港口管理最苛刻的方面之一是有效的噪声管理，旨在减少公民的接触，同时确保海上交通量的增长。同时，科学界尚未对该主题进行彻底的研究，主要是因为从噪声管理的角度来看港口地区具有挑战性。从不同噪声源的数量以及它们与其他主要交通基础设施的相互作用来看，它们通常具有高度复杂性的特征。因此，当前缺少对港口区域进行噪声建模的有效方法。关于INTERREG海事计划，本文报道了定义噪声映射准则的首次尝试。根据当前的最新技术水平和作者的经验，港口区域内的噪声源可分为几类：道路源，铁路源，船舶源，港口源和工业源。根据工作操作模式和源位置可以进一步细分。这种分类简化了从控制机构识别责任源的操作，如果超过了噪音限制或引起了市民投诉。它还是确定中长期噪声监测站最佳位置的必要工具。结果也为将来定义端口噪声源的声学特性的特定和目标程序奠定了基础。