Viennese Brain Research and the Formation of Austrian Positivism. In this paper, I want to argue that the Vienna School of Medicine and especially the Viennese Brain Anatomy had an impact on the formation of the Austrian positivism. I argue that Carl von Rokitansky's (1804–1878) doctrine that psychological phenomena must be translated into anatomical facts and Theodor Meynert's (1833–1892) theory of brain functions served as one basis for the formation of the Austrian positivism. In this sense, two of the main early positivistic thinkers, Ernst Mach (1838–1916) and Richard Wahle (1857–1935), used Meynert's brain theory to argue for a bundle view of the Self. Friedrich Jodl (1849–1914) also thought about his theory, and even Moritz Schlick (1882–1936) who demanded a ‘reduction of the psychology to the brain physiology’ grappled with this approach. Meynert, a scholar of Rokitansky, the founder of the Vienna School of Medicine, was a leading figure in the history of neurology and has made several significant contributions to this discipline. He argues that the Self does not exist from an anatomical point of view. As Richard Wahle tells us, Meynert's theory of the brain functions was widely accepted under the brain researchers by the end of the nineteenth century and at the beginning of the twentieth century. He makes clear that brain researchers did in common refer to Meynert's theory to explain psychical functions as brain functions. He says from their point of view there was no doubt about it. Mach talks about Meynert's theory in Erkenntnis und Irrtum. There he says that Meynert's brain theory explains the nature and conditions of the consciousness. Michael Hagner argues that Mach's “Das Ich ist unrettbar” is hardly imaginable without the cerebral embedding of the mental functions.

中文翻译：

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Die Wiener Hirnforschung 和 die Entstehung des österreichischen Positivismus

维也纳大脑研究与奥地利实证主义的形成。在本文中，我想论证维也纳医学院，尤其是维也纳脑解剖学对奥地利实证主义的形成产生了影响。我认为，卡尔·冯·罗基坦斯基 (Carl von Rokitansky) (1804-1878) 的心理现象必须转化为解剖事实的学说和西奥多·梅纳 (Theodor Meynert) (1833-1892) 的大脑功能理论是形成奥地利实证主义的基础之一。从这个意义上说，两位主要的早期实证主义思想家 Ernst Mach (1838-1916) 和 Richard Wahle (1857-1935) 使用 Meynert 的大脑理论来论证自我的束状观。Friedrich Jodl (1849–1914) 也考虑过他的理论，甚至要求“将心理学还原为大脑生理学”的 Moritz Schlick (1882-1936) 也采用了这种方法。梅纳特是罗基坦斯基的学者，维也纳医学院的创始人，是神经病学史上的领军人物，对该学科做出了多项重大贡献。他认为，从解剖学的角度来看，自我是不存在的。正如理查德·瓦勒告诉我们的那样，梅纳特的大脑功能理论在 19 世纪末和 20 世纪初被大脑研究人员广泛接受。他明确表示，大脑研究人员确实参考了 Meynert 的理论，将心理功能解释为大脑功能。他说，从他们的角度来看，这是毫无疑问的。马赫谈梅纳特 Erkenntnis und Irrtum 中的理论。他在那里说迈纳特的大脑理论解释了意识的性质和条件。迈克尔·哈格纳认为，如果没有心理功能的大脑嵌入，很难想象马赫的“Das Ich ist unrettbar”。