While the Victorian ideal of the public park is well understood, we know less of how local governors sought to realize this ideal in practice. This article is concerned with park-making as a process – contingent, unstable, open – rather than with parks as outcomes – determined, settled, closed. It details how local governors bounded, designed and regulated park spaces to differentiate them as ‘spaces apart’ within the city, and how this programme of spatial governance was obstructed, frustrated and diverted by political, environmental and social forces. The article also uses this historical analysis to provide a new perspective on the future prospects of urban parks today.

中文翻译：

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分开的空间：1850-1914 年利兹的公园和空间差异

虽然维多利亚时代的公园理想广为人知，但我们对当地州长如何在实践中寻求实现这一理想知之甚少。本文关注公园建设作为一个过程——偶然的、不稳定的、开放的——而不是将公园作为结果——确定的、安定的、封闭的。它详细说明了地方管理者如何界定、设计和管理公园空间，以将它们区分为城市内的“空间分开”，以及这一空间治理计划如何受到政治、环境和社会力量的阻碍、挫败和转移。文章还利用这一历史分析，为当今城市公园的未来前景提供了新的视角。