Departing from the traditional approaches taken toward ancient Egyptian potmark interpretation, this paper draws on modern conventions of commodity branding to show how internally placed textual markings on bread moulds functioned as brands for marking the surfaces of select loaves at Tell Gabbara during the late Second Dynasty. Specific properties of three potmarks are examined with the aims of elucidating their brand characteristics and showing how they might have functioned in diverse capacities simultaneously, serving not only as linguistically based messages, but also as logos. Furthermore, the ability of bread brands to convey a unified message to members of a blended literate and non-literate workforce is assessed briefly through multidisciplinary findings from fields such as marketing, psycholinguistics, and clinical neuropsychology. The author suggests that these disciplines have the potential to inform and transform our perceptions of the cognitive capabilities of illiterate people with regard to negotiating the messages inherent in early Egyptian brand markings.

中文翻译：

---

商品品牌和文字标记：来自 Tell Gabbara 的三幅面包模具凹版

与古埃及potmark 解释的传统方法不同，本文借鉴了商品品牌的现代惯例，展示了在第二王朝后期，Tell Gabbara 面包模具上放置的内部文字标记如何作为标记精选面包表面的品牌。为了阐明它们的品牌特征并展示它们如何同时以不同的能力发挥作用，不仅可以作为基于语言的信息，还可以作为徽标，我们检查了三个potmark 的特定属性。此外，通过市场营销、心理语言学和临床神经心理学等领域的多学科研究结果，简要评估了面包品牌向文盲和文盲混合劳动力成员传达统一​​信息的能力。