Bolivia and Brazil have universalized their pension and healthcare systems, respectively. Civil society organizations participated actively in social policy expansion, yet they have done so in starkly different ways, reflecting general patterns in each country. Whereas in Brazil, popular participation in social policies takes place through “inside” formal channels, such as conferences and councils, in Bolivia, bottom-up influence occurs mostly via “outside” channels, by coordinating collective action in the streets. Understanding forms of popular participation matters because policies that allow for popular input are potentially more representative, universal, and nondiscretionary. This article argues that differences in the forms of popular participation in social policy expansion can be explained by the characteristics of the institutional context and differences in the types of movements engaged in the policymaking process. By focusing on patterns of participation, these findings add nuance to the literature on Latin America’s welfare states.

中文翻译：

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参与式社会政策：巴西和玻利维亚的不同模式

玻利维亚和巴西分别已普及其养老金和医疗保健系统。民间社会组织积极参与社会政策的扩展，但他们这样做的方式截然不同，反映了每个国家的普遍模式。而在巴西，民众对社会政策的参与是通过“内部”正式渠道进行的，例如会议和理事会，而在玻利维亚，自下而上的影响主要通过“外部”渠道发生，即在街头协调集体行动。了解大众参与的形式很重要，因为允许大众参与的政策可能更具代表性、普遍性和非自由裁量性。本文认为，公众参与社会政策扩张的形式差异可以通过制度背景的特征和参与决策过程的运动类型的差异来解释。通过关注参与模式，这些发现为有关拉丁美洲福利国家的文献增添了细微差别。