ObjectivesSexual selection typically centers on bodily and psychological traits. Non-bodily traits ranging from housing and vehicles through art to social media can, however, influence sexual selection even in absence of the phenotype proper. The theoretical framework of human sexual selection is updated in this article by unifying four theoretical approaches and conceptualizing non-bodily traits as extended phenotypic traits.MethodsExisting research is synthesized with extended phenotype theory, life history theory, and behavioral ecology. To test population-level hypotheses arising from the review, ecological and demographic data on 122 countries are analyzed with multiple linear regression modelling.ResultsA four-factor model of intelligence, adolescent fertility, population density, and atmospheric cold demands predicts 64% of global variation in economic complexity in 1995 and 72% of the variation in 2016.ConclusionsThe evolutionary pathways of extended phenotypes frequently undergo a categorical broadening from providing functional benefits to carrying signalling value. Extended phenotypes require investments in skills and bioenergetic resources, but they can improve survival in high latitudes, facilitate the extraction of resources from the environment, and substantially influence sexual selection outcomes. Bioenergetic investments in extended phenotypes create individual- and population-level tradeoffs with competing life history processes, exemplified here as a global tradeoff between adolescent fertility and economic complexity. The merits of the present model include a more systematic classification of sexual traits, a clearer articulation of their evolutionary-developmental hierarchy, and an analysis of ecological, genetic, and psychological mechanisms that modulate the flow of energy into extended phenotypes and cultural innovations.

中文翻译：

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人类性选择的更新理论框架：从生态学，遗传学，生活史到扩展表型

目标性选择通常集中在身体和心理特征上。但是，即使没有适当的表型，从住房和车辆到艺术品，社会媒体等非身体特征也会影响性别选择。本文通过统一四种理论方法，将非身体性状概念化为扩展表型性状，对人类性选择的理论框架进行了更新。方法现有研究是结合扩展性表型理论，生活史理论和行为生态学进行的。为了检验该评论得出的人口水平假设，我们使用多元线性回归模型分析了122个国家/地区的生态和人口统计数据。结果：智力，青少年生育力，人口密度，大气冷需求预测了1995年全球64％的经济复杂性变化和2016年72％的变化。结论扩展表型的进化途径经常经历从提供功能价值到传递信号价值的分类拓宽。扩展的表型需要对技能和生物能资源进行投资，但它们可以提高高纬度地区的生存率，促进从环境中提取资源，并极大地影响性选择的结果。在扩展表型上进行生物能投资会在个人和人群水平上进行权衡，并具有竞争性的生活史过程，此处以青少年生育率与经济复杂性之间的全球权衡为例。本模型的优点包括对性状进行更系统的分类，