The United Kingdom, as an exemplar liberal welfare state, has been characterized as in the vanguard of “work‐first” activation – deploying high levels of compulsion and standardized employability services that seek to move people from welfare to work as quickly as possible. However, despite the extension of welfare conditionality to excluded groups such as lone parents, government‐led, work‐first employability programmes have often proved ineffective at assisting the most vulnerable to escape poverty or even just to progress in the labour market. We argue that alternative approaches, defined by co‐production and social innovation, have the potential to be more successful. We draw on a study of local services targeting lone parents led by third sector–public sector partnerships in five localities in Scotland. Our research identifies a link between programme governance and management (defined by co‐governance and collaborative partnership‐working) and co‐produced street‐level services that deliver benefits in terms of social innovation and employability. We draw on 90 interviews with lone parents, and more than 100 interviews with delivery stakeholders and street‐level workers, to identify factors associated with positive social and employability outcomes. The article concludes by identifying potential lessons for the governance and delivery of future services targeting vulnerable groups.

中文翻译：

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街头就业能力服务的联合生产和社会创新：苏格兰单亲服务的经验教训

英国作为一个模范的自由福利国家，一直被认为是“工作至上”激活的先锋——部署高水平的强制性和标准化的就业能力服务，力求让人们尽快从福利转向工作。然而，尽管福利条件扩大到单亲父母等被排斥群体，但政府主导的、以工作为先的就业能力计划在帮助最弱势群体摆脱贫困甚至只是在劳动力市场上取得进步方面往往证明是无效的。我们认为，由共同生产和社会创新定义的替代方法有可能更成功。我们借鉴了苏格兰五个地区由第三部门-公共部门合作伙伴关系牵头的针对单亲的当地服务的研究。我们的研究确定了项目治理和管理（由共同治理和协作伙伴关系定义）与共同生产的街道级服务之间的联系，这些服务在社会创新和就业能力方面带来好处。我们利用对单亲父母的 90 次访谈以及对交付利益相关者和街头工人的 100 多次访谈来确定与积极的社会和就业能力结果相关的因素。本文最后确定了针对弱势群体的未来服务的治理和交付的潜在经验教训。以及对交付利益相关者和街头工人的 100 多次访谈，以确定与积极的社会和就业能力结果相关的因素。本文最后确定了针对弱势群体的未来服务的治理和交付的潜在经验教训。以及对交付利益相关者和街头工人的 100 多次访谈，以确定与积极的社会和就业能力结果相关的因素。本文最后确定了针对弱势群体的未来服务的治理和交付的潜在经验教训。